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Virág L, Egedy A, Varga C, Erdős G, Berezvai S, Kovács L, Ulbert Z. Determination of the most significant rubber components influencing the hardness of natural rubber (NR) using various statistical methods. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25170. [PMID: 38322875 PMCID: PMC10844055 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Manufacturers use a large number of components in the production of modern rubber products. The selection of the constituents of the rubber recipe is primarily determined by the purpose of use. The different fields of applications of rubbers require the presence of appropriate mechanical properties. In this respect, it can be useful to know which substances forming the rubber recipe have significant influence on the different mechanical properties. In this study, the statistical analysis of the influence of rubber components on the hardness of natural rubber (NR) is proposed based on literature review. Based on the literature data, various statistical analyses, like linear regression, constrained linear regression, Ridge regression, Ridge sparse regression and binary classification decision trees were performed to determine which rubber components have the most significant effect on the hardness. In the statistical analyses, the effect of a total of 42 constituents of rubber compound on hardness was investigated. Most of the applied statistical methods confirmed that the traditional frequently used rubber components, such as carbon black and sulfur, have a primary effect on the hardness. However, the substances forming the rubber compound that are not widely used in practice or newly developed components appear differently in the lists of significant additives obtained by the different statistical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Virág
- Department of MOL Hydrocarbon and Coal Processing, Research Centre for Biochemical, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, H8200 Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10, Hungary
| | - Attila Egedy
- Department of Process Engineering, Research Centre for Biochemical, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, H8200 Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10, Hungary
| | - Csilla Varga
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Research Centre for Biochemical, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, H8200 Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10, Hungary
| | - Gergely Erdős
- ECon Engineering Kft. H1116, Budapest, Kondorosi út 3, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Berezvai
- Department of Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Kovács
- ECon Engineering Kft. H1116, Budapest, Kondorosi út 3, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Ulbert
- Department of Process Engineering, Research Centre for Biochemical, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, H8200 Veszprém, Egyetem Str. 10, Hungary
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Abdul Sattar M, Patnaik A. Molecular Insights into Antioxidant Efficiency of Melanin: A Sustainable Antioxidant for Natural Rubber Formulations. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8242-8256. [PMID: 37708379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c03523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
N-(1,3-Dimethyl butyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6-PPD) is a worldwide antioxidant commonly added to delay the thermo-oxidative degradation of tire rubbers. Unfortunately, 6PPD and its transformation product 6PPD-quinone are toxic to aquatic organisms (e.g., coho salmon). Herein, we explore the free radical scavenging activity and protective mechanism of melanin (MLN) on natural rubber's (NR's) oxidative resistance using molecular dynamics (MD) and quantum mechanical (QM) calculations. The relationship between the molecular structure and the chemical nature of the antioxidant molecules via transition state calculations is explored to unravel the reaction mechanisms of antioxidants interacting with peroxy radicals (ROO·) of NR with the estimation of reaction barriers. Following this, the radical scavenging activity of antioxidants was quantified via a hydrogen atom transfer mechanism and bond dissociation energy calculations. Parallel MD simulations were considered to study the interfacial interactions of antioxidant molecules with polymer chains and fillers with a quantifiable structure-property correlation. Given these results, the nanocomposite (NR-MLN-SiO2) with natural antioxidant melanin manifested outstanding antioxidant properties by preferentially bagging the ROO· radicals, thus improving NR's thermal-oxidative aging relative to 6-PPD. The MD results revealed that the intermolecular interactions at the NR/antioxidant interface benefited the antioxidant MLN to bind tightly to the NR in NR-MLN-SiO2 composite, thus exhibiting improved dispersion, O2 barrier properties, and thermo-oxidative stability, which could extend the service life of NR products (e.g., tires). In addition, as a sustainable antioxidant, MLN could replace toxic antioxidants like 6-PPD. More importantly, the QM/MD simulations provided a fundamental understanding of the mechanistic pathways of antioxidant molecules in NR composites, which are conducive to designing high-performance and sustainable green elastomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abdul Sattar
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai600036, India
| | - Archita Patnaik
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai600036, India
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Sattar MA, Patnaik A. Phosphonium Ionic Liquid-Activated Sulfur Vulcanization: A Way Forward to Reduce Zinc Oxide Levels in Industrial Rubber Formulations. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202309. [PMID: 36756929 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Extensive use of zinc oxide and accelerators such as diphenyl guanidine (DPG) in the vulcanization of rubber composites entail potential environmental risks. These are pervasive contaminants of roadway runoff originating from tire wear particles (TWPs). Herein, the effect of phosphonium ionic liquids (PILs) in styrene-butadiene rubber compounds was demonstrated with reduced ZnO loading and no DPG to minimize the environmental footprint of the vulcanization process. The structure and chemistry of PILs were found to be the influencing parameters impelling the cross-linking kinetics, enabling shorter induction times. The generation of active Zn2+ sites by PILs was examined through FTIR spectroscopy, calorimetry, and molecular dynamics simulations. From a tire application perspective, the PILs not only enhanced the cure kinetics but also improved the dynamic-mechanical behavior of the rubber composites. Consequently, the harm caused by TWPs to the atmosphere, fuel intake, and CO2 emissions was minimal, thereby confirming the potential use of PILs in the tire industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abdul Sattar
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
- R&D Centre, MRF Limited, Chennai, 600019, India
| | - Archita Patnaik
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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The Influence of Syringic Acid and Erucic Acid on the Antioxidant Properties of Natural Rubber: Experimental and Molecular Simulation Investigations. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204254. [PMID: 36297834 PMCID: PMC9610587 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the influence of syringic acid (SA) and erucic acid (EA) on the oxidation resistance of natural rubber (NR) was investigated by combining experimental and computational methods. The antioxidant activities of SA and EA were predicted by calculating the enthalpy of bond dissociation (BDE), the anti-migration ability of antioxidants (AOs) in the rubber matrix by calculating the mean square displacement (MSD), and the effect of antioxidants on oxygen barrier properties of rubber materials by calculating the permeability coefficient (P). The predicted result is that EA has a better comprehensive performance than SA. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) test and mechanical properties test demonstrated the results predicted by the simulations. Both SA and EA can protect natural rubber, while EA has a better comprehensive effect.
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Kandil H, Nashar DEE, Ward AA, Khalaf AI. Jojoba seed powder as eco‐friendly antioxidant for rubber products. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heba Kandil
- Polymers and Pigments Department National Research Centre Giza Egypt
| | | | - Azza A. Ward
- Microwave Physics and Dielectric Department National Research Centre Giza Egypt
| | - Aman I. Khalaf
- Polymers and Pigments Department National Research Centre Giza Egypt
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Ding P, Zou Y, He J, Sun Y, Liu F. Effects of a novel chitosan based macromolecule antioxidant COS-GMMP on the thermo-oxidative aging of styrene-butadiene rubber/silica composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Huangfu S, Jin G, Sun Q, Li L, Yu P, Wang R, Zhang L. The use of crude carbon dots as novel antioxidants for natural rubber. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tang J, You G, Ruan L, Lu Y, Wen B, Wu S. Antioxidant Behavior Affected by Polarity in the Olive Oil: Experimental and Molecular Simulation Investigations. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:7119-7126. [PMID: 33748625 PMCID: PMC7970541 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural antioxidants are essential potential sources for protecting the oxidation of food oils. However, until now, the mechanisms are still not very clear, especially from the quantitatively theoretical level to analyze the antioxidant behavior. In this work, the micromechanisms of the antioxidant behavior affected by polarity in the olive oil were systematically investigated by experimental and computational methods. The results showed that the polarity of antioxidants decreased with the growth of the alkyl chains, which had multiple impacts on the effectiveness of antioxidants. The excessive polarity gap between the antioxidant and oil molecules would cause the antioxidant to be dispersed at the oil-air interface, which could enhance their antioxidant ability. Meanwhile, the antioxidants with longer alkyl chains had lower polarity and better dispersibility but decreased mobility. Hence, compared with other antioxidants, medium polarity antioxidants presented both good dispersion and relatively suitable migration, indicating that they would have an optimal antioxidant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Guohua You
- College
of Information Science & Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Lu Ruan
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yi Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Bianying Wen
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety
of Plastics, Beijing Technology and Business
University, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Sizhu Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
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Guo X, Luo Y, Chen Y, Chen L, Jia D. Novel Hybrid Biomass Anti-Aging Filler for Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Composites with Antioxidative and Reinforcing Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4045. [PMID: 32933081 PMCID: PMC7559003 DOI: 10.3390/ma13184045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidants are normally utilized to extend the service life of polymers due to the strong reducibility of the phenolic hydroxyl group of the hindered phenol structure. Inspired by this characteristic, we have introduced green tea polyphenol (TP) supported on a silica surface containing considerable phenolic hydroxyl groups to obtain a novel biomass anti-aging filler (BAF, denoted as silica-s-TP) to reinforce and improve the anti-aging property of rubber composites. The applying of silica-s-TP to enhance the thermal-oxidative stability and ultraviolet light (UV) aging resistance of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) was evaluated. The hybrid biomass anti-aging filler could not only uniformly disperse in the rubber matrix, giving rise to the excellent mechanical properties, but also enhance the properties of thermal-oxidative stability and UV aging resistance with the increasing silica-s-TP content of SBR distinctly. This study provides a mild and environmentally friendly strategy to prepare the functional biomass filler, which could be applied as not only a reinforcement filler but also an anti-aging additive in "green rubber".
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Guo
- Key Lab of Guangdong High Property and Functional Macromolecular Materials, Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.G.); (Y.C.); (D.J.)
| | - Yuanfang Luo
- Key Lab of Guangdong High Property and Functional Macromolecular Materials, Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.G.); (Y.C.); (D.J.)
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Key Lab of Guangdong High Property and Functional Macromolecular Materials, Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.G.); (Y.C.); (D.J.)
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, c/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, China
| | - Demin Jia
- Key Lab of Guangdong High Property and Functional Macromolecular Materials, Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.G.); (Y.C.); (D.J.)
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