Effective in vitro delivery of paclitaxel by nanocargo of mesoporous polycaprolactone against triple negative breast cancer cells by minimalizing drug dose

Triple Negative Breast Cancer Treatment Options and Limitations: Future Outlook

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a negative expression of estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptors (HER2). The survival rate for TNBC is generally worse than other breast cancer subtypes. TNBC treatment has made significant advances, but certain limitations remain. Treatment for TNBC can be challenging since the disease has various molecular subtypes. A variety of treatment options are available, such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. Chemotherapy is the most common of these options. TNBC is generally treated with systemic chemotherapy using drugs such as anthracyclines and taxanes in neoadjuvant or adjuvant settings. Developing resistance to anticancer drugs and off-target toxicity are the primary hindrances to chemotherapeutic solutions for cancer. It is imperative that researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical companies work together to develop effective treatment options for TNBC. Several studies have suggested nanotechnology as a potential solution to the problem of suboptimal TNBC treatment. In this review, we summarized possible treatment options for TNBC, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, combination therapy, and nanoparticle-based therapy, and some solutions for the treatment of TNBC in the future. Moreover, we gave general information about TNBC in terms of its characteristics and aggressiveness.

Azadirachta indica Seed Derived Carbon Nanocapsules: Cell Imaging, Depolarization of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential, and Dose-Dependent Control Death of Breast Cancer

In this work, a series of mesoporous carbon nanocapsules (mCNS) of size below 10 nm have been prepared from Azadirachta indica seeds with a very easy and cost-effective approach. These nanocapsules can emit red and green light and are effective for cell imaging. Further, these carbon nanocapsules are biocompatible toward the normal healthy cells, however, they possess modest cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 (human breast cancer) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) (MDA- MB-231 breast cancer cells), and the rate of killing cancer cells strongly depends on the dose of mCNCs. Further, the mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis assay were performed to analyze the therapeutic significance of these nanocapsules to kill breast cancer. Results showed that these carbon nanocapsules can depolarize the mitochondrial membrane potential alone (without using conventional drugs) and can change the physiological parameters and cellular metabolic energy of the cancer cells and kill them. The apoptosis results confirmed the death of breast cancer cells in the form of apoptosis and necrosis. Moreover, the results suggested that the porous carbon nanocapsules (mCNCs) reported herein can be used as a potential candidate and useful for the theranostic applications such as for cancer cell detection and therapy without using any conventional drugs.