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Deng ZY, Lin WY, Kumar U, Chen KL, Wang TH, Chen JH, Wu CH. Atomic-Level Insights of Polypyrrole Grafted InGaZnO Structure for ppb-Level Ozone Gas Sensing at Low Operating Temperature. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39069916 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c07392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the utilization of the organic conductive molecule Polypyrrole (PPy) for the modification of Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide (IGZO) nanoparticles, aiming to develop highly sensitive ozone sensors. Pyrrole (Py) molecules undergo polymerization, resulting in the formation of extended chains of PPy that graft onto the surface of IGZO nanoparticles. This interaction effectively diminishes oxygen vacancies on the IGZO surface, thereby promoting the crystallization of the IGZO (1114) facets. The resultant structure exhibits promising potential for achieving high-performance wideband semiconductor gas sensors. The IGZO/PPy device forms a Straddling Gap heterojunction, facilitating enhanced electron transfer between IGZO and ozone molecules. Notably, the adsorption and desorption of ozone gas occur efficiently at a low temperature of approximately 25 °C, obviating the need for additional energy typically associated with wide bandgap semiconductor materials. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations attribute this efficiency to the enhanced number of active sites for ozone adsorption, facilitated by hydrogen bonds. The substantial conductivity of PPy, combined with its planar ring structure, induces positively charged polarization on the IGZO side upon ozone adsorption. The resultant device exhibits exceptional sensitivity, boasting a 4-fold improvement compared to sensors reliant solely on IGZO. Additionally, the response time is significantly reduced by a factor of 10, underscoring the practical viability and enhanced performance of the IGZO/PPy sensor field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Yin Deng
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yu Lin
- Institute of Nanoscience, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Utkarsh Kumar
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Lin Chen
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Te-Hsien Wang
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Han Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 515, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Hsien Wu
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Institute of Nanoscience, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Gai S, Wang X, Zhang R, Zeng K, Miao S, Wu Y, Wang B. A controllably fabricated polypyrrole nanorods network by doping a tetra-β-carboxylate cobalt phthalocyanine tetrasodium salt for enhanced ammonia sensing at room temperature. RSC Adv 2023; 13:13725-13734. [PMID: 37152582 PMCID: PMC10158350 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00103b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphology adjustment and functional doping optimization of polypyrrole (PPy) are of great significance in improving its gas sensing performance. Here, the PPy-0.5TcCoPc nanorods with a uniform dispersed 3-D network were prepared using one-step in situ polymerization using the electrostatic interaction between dopant counterion substituents in tetra-β-carboxylate cobalt phthalocyanine tetrasodium salt (TcCoPcTs) with larger space structure and pyrrole (Py) molecules, in which TcCoPcTs is not only used as a dopant molecule crosslinking PPy chains to obtain a 3-D network, thus improving the conductivity, but also as a sensor accelerator to improve the gas-sensing performance. The resulting PPy-TcCoPc hybrid exhibits superior NH3-sensing properties than PPy and tetra-β-carboxylate cobalt phthalocyanine (TcCoPc) under the same test conditions, especially the PPy-0.5TcCoPc sensor shows ultrafast response/recovery time to 50 ppm NH3 (8.1 s/370.8 s), low detection limit of 8.1 ppb and excellent gas selectivity at room temperature (20 °C). Besides, the PPy-0.5TcCoPc sensor also maintains superior response (49.3% to 50 ppm NH3), humidity resistance and conspicuous stability over 45 days. The excellent NH3-sensing performance of the PPy-0.5TcCoPc hybrid arises from the excellent gas selectivity of TcCoPc, the remarkable response mechanism between PPy and NH3, the high electrical conductivity, abundant active sites and good electron transport ability of the unique 3-D network with large specific surface area. The morphology regulation and functional doping optimization strategy of TcCoPcTs doped PPy broaden the research direction of ideal gas sensor materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Gai
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang Institute of Technology Harbin 150050 P. R. China
| | - Runze Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
| | - Kun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
| | - Shoulei Miao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
| | - Yiqun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences P.O. Box 800216 Shanghai 201800 China
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 China
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Kumar R, Kumari R, Singh VN. SnO 2-Based NO 2 Gas Sensor with Outstanding Sensing Performance at Room Temperature. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:728. [PMID: 37420962 DOI: 10.3390/mi14040728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The controlled and efficient formation of oxygen vacancies on the surface of metal oxide semiconductors is required for their use in gas sensors. This work addresses the gas-sensing behaviour of tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles for nitrogen oxide (NO2), NH3, CO, and H2S detection at various temperatures. Synthesis of SnO2 powder and deposition of SnO2 film is conducted using sol-gel and spin-coating methods, respectively, as these methods are cost-effective and easy to handle. The structural, morphological, and optoelectrical properties of nanocrystalline SnO2 films were studied using XRD, SEM, and UV-visible characterizations. The gas sensitivity of the film was tested by a two-probe resistivity measurement device, showing a better response for the NO2 and outstanding low-concentration detection capacity (down to 0.5 ppm). The anomalous relationship between specific surface area and gas-sensing performance indicates the SnO2 surface's higher oxygen vacancies. The sensor depicts a high sensitivity at 2 ppm for NO2 with response and recovery times of 184 s and 432 s, respectively, at room temperature. The result demonstrates that oxygen vacancies can significantly improve the gas-sensing capability of metal oxide semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. KS Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Raman Kumari
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. KS Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vidya Nand Singh
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. KS Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Verma R, Pathak S, Dey KK, Sikarwar S, Yadav BC, Srivastava AK. Facile synthesized zinc oxide nanorod film humidity sensor based on variation in optical transmissivity. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:2902-2912. [PMID: 36131997 PMCID: PMC9418808 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00893e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Variation in the transmitted light intensity from metal oxide thin films with moisture content provides a great opportunity to use them for humidity sensing. Herein, we have developed a novel and simple humidity sensor based on ZnO nanorod (ZNR) thin films which work as transmission-based sensing elements in an in-house fabricated sensing setup. The ZNR sensing element shows excellent linear sensing performance in the relative humidity (RH) range 10-90% and does not show any hysteresis. A maximum change in optical power of ∼95 μW is observed with the change in RH in the range 10-90%, for the sample with the smallest crystallite size (ZNR1) and highest pore diameter of the ZNR film. Also, a maximum sensitivity of 1.104 μW/% RH is observed for the ZNR1 sample which drops to 0.604 μW/% RH for the highest crystallite size sample (ZNR4). The presence of oxygen vacancies and the micro-porous nature of the film allow the absorption of water vapour on the film which deflects light at different angles that vary with the moisture content. The experimental results suggest that the ZNR film with a smaller crystallite size and larger pore diameter is more sensitive for humidity measurements. Further, an improved sensing performance is perceived in ZNRs because of the larger surface area of the nanorods. The ZNR based sensing elements do not suffer from ageing effects and exhibit high repeatability (88.74%). Further, the humidity sensor has a response time of 62 seconds and recovery time of 100 seconds which can be considered as a fairly quick response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Verma
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Saurabh Pathak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Kajal Kumar Dey
- Centre for Nanoscience & Technology, Prof. Rajendra Singh Institute of Physical Sciences for Study and Research, VBS Purvanchal University Jaunpur Uttar Pradesh 2220003 India
| | - Samiksha Sikarwar
- Department of Physics, School of Physical and Decision Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Lucknow 226025 India
| | - B C Yadav
- Department of Physics, School of Physical and Decision Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Lucknow 226025 India
| | - A K Srivastava
- CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 462026 India
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Ternary Holey Carbon Nanohorns/TiO2/PVP Nanohybrids as Sensing Films for Resistive Humidity Sensors. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11091065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present the relative humidity (RH) sensing response of a chemiresistive sensor, employing sensing layers based on a ternary nanohybrids comprised of holey carbon nanohorns (CNHox), titanium (IV) oxide, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) at 1/1/1/(T1), 2/1/1/(T2), and with 3/1/1 (T3) mass ratios. The sensing device is comprised of a silicon-based substrate, a SiO2 layer, and interdigitated transducer (IDT) electrodes. The sensitive layer was deposited via the drop-casting method on the sensing structure, followed by a two-step annealing process. The structure and composition of the sensing films were investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The resistance of the ternary nanohybrid-based sensing layer increases when H increases between 0% and 80%. A different behavior of the sensitive layers is registered when the humidity increases from 80% to 100%. Thus, the resistance of the T1 sensor slightly decreases with increasing humidity, while the resistance of sensors T2 and T3 register an increase in resistance with increasing humidity. The T2 and T3 sensors demonstrate a good linearity for the entire (0–100%) RH range, while for T1, the linear behavior is limited to the 0–80% range. Their overall room temperature response is comparable to a commercial humidity sensor, characterized by a good sensitivity, a rapid response, and fast recovery times. The functional role for each of the components of the ternary CNHox/TiO2/PVP nanohybrid is explained by considering issues such as their electronic properties, affinity for water molecules, and internal pore accessibility. The decreasing number of holes in the carbonaceous component at the interaction with water molecules, with the protonic conduction (Grotthus mechanism), and with swelling were analyzed to evaluate the sensing mechanism. The hard–soft acid-base (HSAB) theory also has proven to be a valuable tool for understanding the complex interaction of the ternary nanohybrid with moisture.
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Deng ZY, Chiang PC, Chen KL, Chen JH, Wu CH. Highly sensitive and rapid responding humidity sensors based on silver catalyzed Ag 2S-TiO 2 quantum dots prepared by SILAR. RSC Adv 2021; 11:10285-10290. [PMID: 35423488 PMCID: PMC8695598 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09756j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a resistive humidity sensor based on a heterojunction of silver sulfide (Ag2S) quantum dots (QDs) and TiO2 because of its specificity to water vapor adsorption and its insensitivity to environmental gases. The QDs were grown on a mesoporous TiO2 layer using the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. The boundary condition between TiO2 and Ag2S provides a tunable energy gap by adjusting the number of SILAR cycles. Besides, the large surface-to-volume ratio of QDs provides a strong water vapor adsorption ability and electron transfer. Nano-silver precipitated during the SILAR process provides free electrons and lowers the Fermi level to between n-type TiO2 and p-type Ag2S. The resistance response increased significantly to 4600 and the reaction equilibrium time decreased greatly to 7 seconds due to the presence of nano-silver. Finally, the Ag2S QDs possess a best sensing range of 13-90%. To sum up, Ag2S QDs are high sensitivity and selectivity humidity sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Yin Deng
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University Taichung 402 Taiwan +886-4-2286253 +886-4-22840427
| | - Ping-Chang Chiang
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University Taichung 402 Taiwan +886-4-2286253 +886-4-22840427
| | - Kuen-Lin Chen
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University Taichung 402 Taiwan +886-4-2286253 +886-4-22840427
- Institute of Nano-Science, National Chung Hsing University Taichung 402 Taiwan
| | - Jau-Han Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Da-Yeh University Changhua 55 Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Hsien Wu
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University Taichung 402 Taiwan +886-4-2286253 +886-4-22840427
- Institute of Nano-Science, National Chung Hsing University Taichung 402 Taiwan
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