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Uppalapati B, Gajula D, Bava M, Muthusamy L, Koley G. Low-Power AlGaN/GaN Triangular Microcantilever for Air Flow Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7465. [PMID: 37687921 PMCID: PMC10490568 DOI: 10.3390/s23177465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates an AlGaN/GaN triangular microcantilever with a heated apex for airflow detection utilizing a very simple two-terminal sensor configuration. Thermal microscope images were used to verify that the apex region of the microcantilever reached significantly higher temperatures than other parts under applied voltage bias. The sensor response was found to vary linearly with airflow rate when tested over a range of airflow varying from 16 to 2000 sccm. The noise-limited flow volume measurement yielded ~4 sccm resolution, while the velocity resolution was found to be 0.241 cm/s, which is one of the best reported so far for thermal sensors. The sensor was able to operate at a very low power consumption level of ~5 mW, which is one of the lowest reported for these types of sensors. The intrinsic response time of the sensor was estimated to be on the order of a few ms, limited by its thermal properties. Overall, the microcantilever sensor, with its simple geometry and measurement configurations, was found to exhibit attractive performance metrics useful for various sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaadithya Uppalapati
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Durga Gajula
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Manav Bava
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Lavanya Muthusamy
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Goutam Koley
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Krishnan SK, Nataraj N, Meyyappan M, Pal U. Graphene-Based Field-Effect Transistors in Biosensing and Neural Interfacing Applications: Recent Advances and Prospects. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2590-2622. [PMID: 36693046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siva Kumar Krishnan
- CONACYT-Instituto de Física, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Apdo. Postal J-48, Puebla72570, Mexico
| | - Nandini Nataraj
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei106, Taiwan
| | - M Meyyappan
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati781039, Assam, India
| | - Umapada Pal
- Instituto de Física, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Apdo. Postal J-48, Puebla72570, Mexico
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Kim DH, Cho HS, Kim JH, Jo DA, Oh HG, Jang BK, Song KS. The Integration of Reference Electrode for ISFET Ion Sensors Using Fluorothiophenol-Treated rGO. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:89. [PMID: 36671924 PMCID: PMC9855950 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) detect specific ions in solutions that enable straightforward, fast, and inexpensive sensors compared to other benchtop equipment. However, a conventional reference electrode (RE) such as Ag/AgCl is limited on the miniaturization of the sensor. We introduce reduced graphene oxide (rGO), which serves as a new RE, when fluorinated (F-rGO) using fluorothiophenol through the π-π interaction. The circular RE is integrated between a fabricated microscale two-channel ISFET, which is capable of detecting two kinds of ions on an indium tin oxide (ITO) thin-film substrate, using the photolithography process. F-rGO bound to this circular region to function as an RE in the ISFETs sensor, which operated stably in solution and showed a relatively high transconductance (gm) value (1.27 mS), low drift characteristic (3.2 mV), and low hysteresis voltage (±0.05 mV). It detected proton (H+) ions in a buffer solution with high sensitivity (67.1 mV/pH). We successfully detected Na+ (62.1 mV/dec) and K+ (57.6 mV/dec) ions in human patient urine using a two-channel ISFET with the F-rGO RE. The F-rGO RE will be a suitable component in the fabrication of low-cost, mass-produced, and disposable ISFETs sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hoon Kim
- Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Shin Cho
- Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Heung Kim
- Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Ae Jo
- Center for Nano Bio Development, National NanoFab Center (NNFC), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Gi Oh
- Department of Research and Development, MCK Tech Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34013, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Kuk Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 41931, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Soup Song
- Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
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Koo KM, Kim CD, Ju FN, Kim H, Kim CH, Kim TH. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors for Monitoring Animal Cell Function and Viability. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12121162. [PMID: 36551129 PMCID: PMC9775431 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Redox reactions in live cells are generated by involving various redox biomolecules for maintaining cell viability and functions. These qualities have been exploited in the development of clinical monitoring, diagnostic approaches, and numerous types of biosensors. Particularly, electrochemical biosensor-based live-cell detection technologies, such as electric cell-substrate impedance (ECIS), field-effect transistors (FETs), and potentiometric-based biosensors, are used for the electrochemical-based sensing of extracellular changes, genetic alterations, and redox reactions. In addition to the electrochemical biosensors for live-cell detection, cancer and stem cells may be immobilized on an electrode surface and evaluated electrochemically. Various nanomaterials and cell-friendly ligands are used to enhance the sensitivity of electrochemical biosensors. Here, we discuss recent advances in the use of electrochemical sensors for determining cell viability and function, which are essential for the practical application of these sensors as tools for pharmaceutical analysis and toxicity testing. We believe that this review will motivate researchers to enhance their efforts devoted to accelerating the development of electrochemical biosensors for future applications in the pharmaceutical industry and stem cell therapeutics.
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Micro- and nano-devices for electrochemical sensing. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:459. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractElectrode miniaturization has profoundly revolutionized the field of electrochemical sensing, opening up unprecedented opportunities for probing biological events with a high spatial and temporal resolution, integrating electrochemical systems with microfluidics, and designing arrays for multiplexed sensing. Several technological issues posed by the desire for downsizing have been addressed so far, leading to micrometric and nanometric sensing systems with different degrees of maturity. However, there is still an endless margin for researchers to improve current strategies and cope with demanding sensing fields, such as lab-on-a-chip devices and multi-array sensors, brain chemistry, and cell monitoring. In this review, we present current trends in the design of micro-/nano-electrochemical sensors and cutting-edge applications reported in the last 10 years. Micro- and nanosensors are divided into four categories depending on the transduction mechanism, e.g., amperometric, impedimetric, potentiometric, and transistor-based, to best guide the reader through the different detection strategies and highlight major advancements as well as still unaddressed demands in electrochemical sensing.
Graphical Abstract
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Özsoylu D, Wagner T, Schöning MJ. Electrochemical Cell-based Biosensors for Biomedical Applications. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:713-733. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220304213617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Electrochemical cell-based biosensors have been showing increasing interest within the last 15 years, with a large number of reports generally dealing with the sensors’ sensitivity, selectivity, stability, signal-to-noise ratio, spatiotemporal resolution, etc. However, only a few of them are now available as commercial products on the market. In this review, technological advances, current challenges and opportunities of electrochemical cell-based biosensors are presented. The article encompasses emerging studies, mainly focusing on the last five years (from 2016 to mid 2021), towards cell-based biological field-effect devices, cell-based impedimetric sensors and cell-based microelectrode arrays. In addition, special attention lies on recent progress in recording at the single-cellular level, including intracellular monitoring with high spatiotemporal resolution as well as integration into microfluidics for lab-on-a-chip applications. Moreover, a comprehensive discussion on challenges and future perspectives will address the future potential of electrochemical cell-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dua Özsoylu
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany
| | - Torsten Wagner
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Research Centre Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael J. Schöning
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Research Centre Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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