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García-Silva I, Farfán-Castro S, Rosales-Mendoza S, Palestino G. Synthesis and Characterization of Thiolated Nanoparticles Based on Poly (Acrylic Acid) and Algal Cell Wall Biopolymers for the Delivery of the Receptor Binding Domain from SARS-CoV-2. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:891. [PMID: 39065588 PMCID: PMC11279463 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic required great efforts to develop efficient vaccines in a short period of time. However, innovative vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 virus are needed to achieve broad immune protection against variants of concern. Polymeric-based particles can lead to innovative vaccines, serving as stable, safe and immunostimulatory antigen delivery systems. In this work, polymeric-based particles called thiolated PAA/Schizo were developed. Poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) was thiolated with cysteine ethyl ester and crosslinked with a Schizochytrium sp. cell wall fraction under an inverse emulsion approach. Particles showed a hydrodynamic diameter of 313 ± 38 nm and negative Zeta potential. FT-IR spectra indicated the presence of coconut oil in thiolated PAA/Schizo particles, which, along with the microalgae, could contribute to their biocompatibility and bioactive properties. TGA analysis suggested strong interactions between the thiolated PAA/Schizo components. In vitro assessment revealed that thiolated particles have a higher mucoadhesiveness when compared with non-thiolated particles. Cell-based assays revealed that thiolated particles are not cytotoxic and, importantly, increase TNF-α secretion in murine dendritic cells. Moreover, immunization assays revealed that thiolated PAA/Schizo particles induced a humoral response with a more balanced IgG2a/IgG1 ratio. Therefore, thiolated PAA/Schizo particles are deemed a promising delivery system whose evaluation in vaccine prototypes is guaranteed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana García-Silva
- Biotechnology Section, Center for Research in Health Science and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas de San Luis, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (I.G.-S.); (S.F.-C.)
- Biopolymers and Nanostructures Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Manuel Nava 6, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
- Recombinant Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Manuel Nava 6, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Susan Farfán-Castro
- Biotechnology Section, Center for Research in Health Science and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas de San Luis, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (I.G.-S.); (S.F.-C.)
- Recombinant Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Manuel Nava 6, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Biotechnology Section, Center for Research in Health Science and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas de San Luis, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (I.G.-S.); (S.F.-C.)
- Recombinant Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Manuel Nava 6, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Palestino
- Biotechnology Section, Center for Research in Health Science and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas de San Luis, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (I.G.-S.); (S.F.-C.)
- Biopolymers and Nanostructures Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Manuel Nava 6, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
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Watchorn J, Clasky AJ, Prakash G, Johnston IAE, Chen PZ, Gu FX. Untangling Mucosal Drug Delivery: Engineering, Designing, and Testing Nanoparticles to Overcome the Mucus Barrier. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:1396-1426. [PMID: 35294187 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mucus is a complex viscoelastic gel and acts as a barrier covering much of the soft tissue in the human body. High vascularization and accessibility have motivated drug delivery to various mucosal surfaces; however, these benefits are hindered by the mucus layer. To overcome the mucus barrier, many nanomedicines have been developed, with the goal of improving the efficacy and bioavailability of drug payloads. Two major nanoparticle-based strategies have emerged to facilitate mucosal drug delivery, namely, mucoadhesion and mucopenetration. Generally, mucoadhesive nanoparticles promote interactions with mucus for immobilization and sustained drug release, whereas mucopenetrating nanoparticles diffuse through the mucus and enhance drug uptake. The choice of strategy depends on many factors pertaining to the structural and compositional characteristics of the target mucus and mucosa. While there have been promising results in preclinical studies, mucus-nanoparticle interactions remain poorly understood, thus limiting effective clinical translation. This article reviews nanomedicines designed with mucoadhesive or mucopenetrating properties for mucosal delivery, explores the influence of site-dependent physiological variation among mucosal surfaces on efficacy, transport, and bioavailability, and discusses the techniques and models used to investigate mucus-nanoparticle interactions. The effects of non-homeostatic perturbations on protein corona formation, mucus composition, and nanoparticle performance are discussed in the context of mucosal delivery. The complexity of the mucosal barrier necessitates consideration of the interplay between nanoparticle design, tissue-specific differences in mucus structure and composition, and homeostatic or disease-related changes to the mucus barrier to develop effective nanomedicines for mucosal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Watchorn
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Aaron J Clasky
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Gayatri Prakash
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Ian A E Johnston
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Paul Z Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Frank X Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
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Myat YY, Ngawhirunpat T, Rojanarata T, Opanasopit P, Bradley M, Patrojanasophon P, Pornpitchanarong C. Synthesis of Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate/Acrylic Acid Nanoparticles as Nanocarriers for the Controlled Delivery of Doxorubicin to Colorectal Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:479. [PMID: 35335856 PMCID: PMC8950920 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (Dox) is known for its potential to deliver desirable anticancer effects against various types of cancer including colorectal cancer. However, the adverse effects are serious. This study aimed to synthesize polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA)/acrylic acid (AA)-based nanoparticles (PEGDA/AA NPs) for Dox delivery to colorectal cancer cells. The NPs were synthesized using free-radical polymerization reaction using the monomers PEGDA and AA with their physical properties, drug loading and release, biocompatibility, and anticancer effect evaluated. The NPs were spherical with a size of around 230 nm, with a 48% Dox loading efficiency and with loading capacity of 150 µg/mg. Intriguingly, the NPs had the ability to prolong the release of Dox in vitro over 24 h and were non-toxic to intestinal epithelial cells. Dox-loaded PEGDA/AA NPs (Dox-NPs) were able to effectively kill the colorectal cancer cell line (HT-29) with the Dox-NPs accumulating inside the cell and killing the cell through the apoptosis pathway. Overall, the synthesized PEGDA/AA NPs exhibit considerable potential as a drug delivery carrier for colon cancer-directed, staged-release therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yin Myat
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand; (Y.Y.M.); (T.N.); (T.R.); (P.O.); (P.P.)
| | - Tanasait Ngawhirunpat
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand; (Y.Y.M.); (T.N.); (T.R.); (P.O.); (P.P.)
| | - Theerasak Rojanarata
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand; (Y.Y.M.); (T.N.); (T.R.); (P.O.); (P.P.)
| | - Praneet Opanasopit
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand; (Y.Y.M.); (T.N.); (T.R.); (P.O.); (P.P.)
| | - Mark Bradley
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK;
| | - Prasopchai Patrojanasophon
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand; (Y.Y.M.); (T.N.); (T.R.); (P.O.); (P.P.)
| | - Chaiyakarn Pornpitchanarong
- Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand; (Y.Y.M.); (T.N.); (T.R.); (P.O.); (P.P.)
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