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Banda-Villanueva A, González-Zapata JL, Martínez-Cartagena ME, Magaña I, Córdova T, López R, Valencia L, Medina SG, Rodríguez AM, Soriano F, Díaz de León R. Synthesis and Vulcanization of Polymyrcene and Polyfarnesene Bio-Based Rubbers: Influence of the Chemical Structure over the Vulcanization Process and Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071406. [PMID: 35406280 PMCID: PMC9003078 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The overuse of fossil-based resources to produce thermoplastic materials and rubbers is dramatically affecting the environment, reflected in its clearest way as global warming. As a way of reducing this, multiple efforts are being undertaken including the use of more sustainable alternatives, for instance, those of natural origin as the main feedstock alternative, therefore having a lower carbon footprint. Contributing to this goal, the synthesis of bio-based rubbers based on β-myrcene and trans-β-farnesene was addressed in this work. Polymyrcene (PM) and polyfarnesene (PF) were synthesized via coordination polymerization using a neodymium-based catalytic system, and their properties were compared to the conventional polybutadiene (PB) and polyisoprene (PI) also obtained via coordination polymerization. Moreover, different average molecular weights were also tested to elucidate the influence over the materials' properties. The crosslinking of the rubbers was carried out via conventional and efficient vulcanization routes, comparing the final properties of the crosslinking network of bio-based PM and PF with the conventional fossil-based PB and PI. Though the mechanical properties of the crosslinked rubbers improved as a function of molecular weight, the chemical structure of PM and PF (with 2 and 3 unsaturated double bonds, respectively) produced a crosslinking network with lower mechanical properties than those obtained by PB and PI (with 1 unsaturated double bond). The current work contributes to the understanding of improvements (in terms of crosslinking parameters) that are required to produce competitive rubber with good sustainability/performance balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnulfo Banda-Villanueva
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (A.B.-V.); (J.L.G.-Z.); (M.E.M.-C.); (I.M.); (T.C.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - José Luis González-Zapata
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (A.B.-V.); (J.L.G.-Z.); (M.E.M.-C.); (I.M.); (T.C.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Manuel Eduardo Martínez-Cartagena
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (A.B.-V.); (J.L.G.-Z.); (M.E.M.-C.); (I.M.); (T.C.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Ilse Magaña
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (A.B.-V.); (J.L.G.-Z.); (M.E.M.-C.); (I.M.); (T.C.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Teresa Córdova
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (A.B.-V.); (J.L.G.-Z.); (M.E.M.-C.); (I.M.); (T.C.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Ricardo López
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (A.B.-V.); (J.L.G.-Z.); (M.E.M.-C.); (I.M.); (T.C.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Luis Valencia
- Biofiber Tech Sweden AB, Norrsken Hourse, Birger Jarlsgatan 57C, SE11356 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Sergio García Medina
- CIATEC, Omega 1201, Colonia Industrial Delta, Guanjuato 37545, Mexico; (S.G.M.); (A.M.R.)
| | | | - Florentino Soriano
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (A.B.-V.); (J.L.G.-Z.); (M.E.M.-C.); (I.M.); (T.C.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
| | - Ramón Díaz de León
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (A.B.-V.); (J.L.G.-Z.); (M.E.M.-C.); (I.M.); (T.C.); (R.L.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Lamparelli DH, Winnacker M, Capacchione C. Stereoregular Polymerization of Acyclic Terpenes. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100366. [PMID: 34674387 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The growing environmental pollution and the expected depleting of fossil resources have sparked interest in recent years for polymers obtained from monomers originating from renewable sources. Furthermore, nature can provide a variety of building blocks with special structural features (e. g. side groups or stereo-elements) that cannot be obtained so easily via fossil-based pathways. In this context, terpenes are widespread natural compounds coming from non-food crops, present in a large variety of structures, and ready to use as monomers with or without further modifications. The present review aims to provide an overview of how chemists can stereospecifically polymerize terpenes, particularly the acyclic ones like myrcene, ocimene, and farnesene, using different metal catalyst systems in coordination-insertion polymerization. Attention is also paid to their copolymers, which have recently been disclosed, and to the possible applications of these bio-based materials in various industrial sectors such as in the field of elastomers. © 2021 The Authors. ChemPlusChem published by Wiley-VCH GmbH. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hermann Lamparelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "Adolfo Zambelli", Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Malte Winnacker
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching bei München, Germany.,Catalysis Research Center (CRC)', Technische Universität München, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Carmine Capacchione
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "Adolfo Zambelli", Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano, Italy
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Magaña I, Georgouvelas D, Handa R, Neira Velázquez MG, López González HR, Enríquez Medrano FJ, Díaz de León R, Valencia L. Fully Bio-Based Elastomer Nanocomposites Comprising Polyfarnesene Reinforced with Plasma-Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2810. [PMID: 34451347 PMCID: PMC8401937 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This article proposes a process to prepare fully bio-based elastomer nanocomposites based on polyfarnesene and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). To improve the compatibility of cellulose with the hydrophobic matrix of polyfarnesene, the surface of CNC was modified via plasma-induced polymerization, at different powers of the plasma generator, using a trans-β-farnesene monomer in the plasma reactor. The characteristic features of plasma surface-modified CNC have been corroborated by spectroscopic (XPS) and microscopic (AFM) analyses. Moreover, the cellulose nanocrystals modified at 150 W have been selected to reinforce polyfarnesene-based nanocomposites, synthesized via an in-situ coordination polymerization using a neodymium-based catalytic system. The effect of the different loading content of nanocrystals on the polymerization behavior, as well as on the rheological aspects, was evaluated. The increase in the storage modulus with the incorporation of superficially modified nanocrystals was demonstrated by rheological measurements and these materials exhibited better properties than those containing pristine cellulose nanocrystals. Moreover, we elucidate that the viscoelastic moduli of the elastomer nanocomposites are aligned with power-law model systems with characteristic relaxation time scales similar to commercial nanocomposites, also implying tunable mechanical properties. In this foreground, our findings have important implications in the development of fully bio-based nanocomposites in close competition with the commercial stock, thereby producing alternatives in favor of sustainable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Magaña
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (I.M.); (M.G.N.V.); (H.R.L.G.); (F.J.E.M.)
| | - Dimitrios Georgouvelas
- Division of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Frescativägen 8, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Rishab Handa
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
| | - María Guadalupe Neira Velázquez
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (I.M.); (M.G.N.V.); (H.R.L.G.); (F.J.E.M.)
| | - Héctor Ricardo López González
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (I.M.); (M.G.N.V.); (H.R.L.G.); (F.J.E.M.)
| | - Francisco Javier Enríquez Medrano
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (I.M.); (M.G.N.V.); (H.R.L.G.); (F.J.E.M.)
| | - Ramón Díaz de León
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry, Blvd Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos, Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (I.M.); (M.G.N.V.); (H.R.L.G.); (F.J.E.M.)
| | - Luis Valencia
- Biofiber Tech Sweden AB, Birgen Jarksgatan 57 C, 11356 Stockholm, Sweden
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González-Zapata JL, Enríquez-Medrano FJ, López González HR, Revilla-Vázquez J, Carrizales RM, Georgouvelas D, Valencia L, Díaz de León Gómez RE. Introducing random bio-terpene segments to high cis-polybutadiene: making elastomeric materials more sustainable. RSC Adv 2020; 10:44096-44102. [PMID: 35517134 PMCID: PMC9058462 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09280k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we explore the statistical copolymerization of 1,3-butadiene with the terpenic monomers myrcene and farnesene, carried out via coordination polymerization using a neodymium-based ternary catalytic system. The resultant copolymers, poly(butadiene-co-myrcene) and poly(butadiene-co-farnesene), were synthesized at different monomer ratios, elucidating the influence of the bio-based monomer content over the kinetic variables, molecular and thermal properties, and the reactivity constants (Fineman-Ross and Kelen-Tüdös methods) of the resultant copolymers. The results indicate that through the herein employed conditions, it is possible to obtain "more sustainable" high-cis (≈95%) polybutadiene elastomers with random and tunable content of bio-based monomer. Moreover, the polymers exhibit fairly high molecular weights and a rather low dispersity index. Upon copolymerization, the T g of high-cis PB can be shifted from -106 to -75 °C (farnesene) or -107 to -64 °C (myrcene), without altering the microstructure control. This work contributes to the development of more environmentally friendly elastomers, to form "green" rubber materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis González-Zapata
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry Blvd. Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos 25294 Saltillo Coahuila Mexico
| | | | - Héctor Ricardo López González
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry Blvd. Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos 25294 Saltillo Coahuila Mexico
| | - Javier Revilla-Vázquez
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Tecnología, División Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, UNAM Av. Primero de Mayo s/n Cuautitlán Izcalli C.P. 54740 Estado de México México
| | - Ricardo Mendoza Carrizales
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry Blvd. Enrique Reyna 140, San José de los Cerritos 25294 Saltillo Coahuila Mexico
| | - Dimitrios Georgouvelas
- Division of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University Frescativägen 8 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Luis Valencia
- Materials Technology and Chemistry, Alfa Laval Tumba AB SE-14782 Tumba Sweden
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