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Zango ZU, Khoo KS, Garba A, Lawal MA, Abidin AZ, Wadi IA, Eisa MH, Aldaghri O, Ibnaouf KH, Lim JW, Da Oh W. A review on carbon-based biowaste and organic polymer materials for sustainable treatment of sulfonamides from pharmaceutical wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:145. [PMID: 38568460 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01936-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Frequent detection of sulfonamides (SAs) pharmaceuticals in wastewater has necessitated the discovery of suitable technology for their sustainable remediation. Adsorption has been widely investigated due to its effectiveness, simplicity, and availability of various adsorbent materials from natural and artificial sources. This review highlighted the potentials of carbon-based adsorbents derived from agricultural wastes such as lignocellulose, biochar, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes graphene materials as well as organic polymers such as chitosan, molecularly imprinted polymers, metal, and covalent frameworks for SAs removal from wastewater. The promising features of these materials including higher porosity, rich carbon-content, robustness, good stability as well as ease of modification have been emphasized. Thus, the materials have demonstrated excellent performance towards the SAs removal, attributed to their porous nature that provided sufficient active sites for the adsorption of SAs molecules. The modification of physico-chemical features of the materials have been discussed as efficient means for enhancing their adsorption and reusable performance. The article also proposed various interactive mechanisms for the SAs adsorption. Lastly, the prospects and challenges have been highlighted to expand the knowledge gap on the application of the materials for the sustainable removal of the SAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakariyya Uba Zango
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Katsina City, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria.
- Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Katsina CityKatsina, 2137, Nigeria.
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Abdurrahman Garba
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Katsina City, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria
| | | | - Asmaa' Zainal Abidin
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defense Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ismael A Wadi
- Basic Science Unit, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 16278, Alkharj, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - M H Eisa
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), 13318, Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osamah Aldaghri
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), 13318, Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Hassan Ibnaouf
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), 13318, Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Wen Da Oh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
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Liu Z, Xia Q, Huang B, Yi H, Yan J, Chen X, Xu F, Xi H. Prediction of Xe/Kr Separation in Metal-Organic Frameworks by a Precursor-Based Neural Network Synergistic with a Polarizable Adsorbate Model. Molecules 2023; 28:7367. [PMID: 37959783 PMCID: PMC10648455 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adsorption and separation of Xe/Kr are significant for making high-density nuclear energy environmentally friendly and for meeting the requirements of the gas industry. Enhancing the accuracy of the adsorbate model for describing the adsorption behaviors of Xe and Kr in MOFs and the efficiency of the model for predicting the separation potential (SP) value of Xe/Kr separation in MOFs helps in searching for promising MOFs for Xe/Kr adsorption and separation within a short time and at a low cost. In this work, polarizable and transferable models for mimic Xe and Kr adsorption behaviors in MOFs were constructed. Using these models, SP values of 38 MOFs at various temperatures and pressures were calculated. An optimal neural network model called BPNN-SP was designed to predict SP value based on physical parameters of metal center (electronegativity and radius) and organic linker (three-dimensional size and polarizability) combined with temperature and pressure. The regression coefficient value of the BPNN-SP model for each data set is higher than 0.995. MAE, MBE, and RMSE of BPNN-SP are only 0.331, -0.002, and 0.505 mmol/g, respectively. Finally, BPNN-SP was validated by experiment data from six MOFs. The transferable adsorbate model combined with the BPNN-SP model would highly improve the efficiency for designing MOFs with high performance for Xe/Kr adsorption and separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewei Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (Z.L.); (J.Y.); (X.C.)
| | - Qibin Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Bichun Huang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Hao Yi
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China;
| | - Jian Yan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (Z.L.); (J.Y.); (X.C.)
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (Z.L.); (J.Y.); (X.C.)
| | - Feng Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; (Z.L.); (J.Y.); (X.C.)
| | - Hongxia Xi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China;
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Blachnio M, Kusmierek K, Swiatkowski A, Derylo-Marczewska A. Adsorption of Phenoxyacetic Herbicides from Water on Carbonaceous and Non-Carbonaceous Adsorbents. Molecules 2023; 28:5404. [PMID: 37513275 PMCID: PMC10385827 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing consumption of phenoxyacetic acid-derived herbicides is becoming a major public health and environmental concern, posing a serious challenge to existing conventional water treatment systems. Among the various physicochemical and biological purification processes, adsorption is considered one of the most efficient and popular techniques due to its high removal efficiency, ease of operation, and cost effectiveness. This review article provides extensive literature information on the adsorption of phenoxyacetic herbicides by various adsorbents. The purpose of this article is to organize the scattered information on the currently used adsorbents for herbicide removal from the water, such as activated carbons, carbon and silica adsorbents, metal oxides, and numerous natural and industrial waste materials known as low-cost adsorbents. The adsorption capacity of these adsorbents was compared for the two most popular phenoxyacetic herbicides, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA). The application of various kinetic models and adsorption isotherms in describing the removal of these herbicides by the adsorbents was also presented and discussed. At the beginning of this review paper, the most important information on phenoxyacetic herbicides has been collected, including their classification, physicochemical properties, and occurrence in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Blachnio
- Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kusmierek
- Institute of Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Gen. S. Kaliskiego St. 2, 00-908 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Andrzej Swiatkowski
- Institute of Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Gen. S. Kaliskiego St. 2, 00-908 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Anna Derylo-Marczewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
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Zambrano-Intriago LA, Daza-López EV, Fernández-Andrade A, Luque R, Amorim CG, Araújo AN, Rodríguez-Díaz JM, Montenegro MCBSM. Application of a novel hybrid MIL-53(Al)@rice husk for the adsorption of glyphosate in water: Characteristics and mechanism of the process. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 327:138457. [PMID: 36948257 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of new materials that have a high capacity to remove pollutants in water-based media is becoming increasingly important because of the serious contamination of water and the negative impact on biodiversity and public health. The presence of glyphosate in water, the most widely used herbicide worldwide, has triggered alerts owing to the collateral effects it may cause on human health. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the potential of the hybrid material MIL-53(Al)@RH for the adsorption of glyphosate in aqueous solution. The material was obtained following the methodology of MIL-53(Al) synthesis in the presence of hydrolyzed rice husk assisted by microwave. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to evaluate the adsorbent dosage, pH0 solution effect, contact time, adsorbate concentration, and temperature effect. The results demonstrated that a maximum adsorption capacity of 296.95 mg g-1, at pH0 4 with a ratio of 0.04 g MIL-53(Al)@RH/50 mL of solution, was achieved in 30 min. The Avrami and pseudo-second order models appropriately described the adsorption kinetics and the equilibrium by Langmuir and Sips models. The enthalpy changes (ΔH°) determined propose an endothermic reaction governed by chemisorption, corroborating the kinetic and equilibrium settings. Hydrogen bonds, π*-π interactions, and complexation between the metal centers of MIL-53(Al) and the anionic groups of glyphosate were postulated to be involved as adsorption mechanisms. Finally, for practical application, MIL-53(Al)@RH was packed in a column for a fixed-bed test which revealed that the hybrid can remove glyphosate with an adsorption capacity of 76.304 mg L-1, utilizing 90% of the bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Angel Zambrano-Intriago
- LAQV-REQUIMTE/Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia - Universidade Do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Laboratorio de Análisis Químicos y Biotecnológicos, Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, 130105, Ecuador
| | - Erlinjka Valentina Daza-López
- Programa de Posgrado en Ingeniería Química, Instituto de Posgrado, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, S/N, Avenida Urbina y Che Guevara, Portoviejo, 130104, Ecuador
| | - Alex Fernández-Andrade
- Laboratorio de Análisis Químicos y Biotecnológicos, Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, 130105, Ecuador
| | - Rafael Luque
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho Maklaya Str., 117198, Moscow, Russian Federation; Universidad ECOTEC, Km 13.5 Samborondón, Samborondón, EC0922302, Ecuador
| | - Célia G Amorim
- LAQV-REQUIMTE/Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia - Universidade Do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alberto N Araújo
- LAQV-REQUIMTE/Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia - Universidade Do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joan Manuel Rodríguez-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Análisis Químicos y Biotecnológicos, Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, 130105, Ecuador; Departamento de Procesos Químicos, Facultad de Ciencias Matemáticas, Físicas y Químicas, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, 130105, Ecuador.
| | - Maria C B S M Montenegro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE/Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia - Universidade Do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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Nguyen LM, Nguyen NTT, Nguyen TTT, Nguyen DH, Nguyen DTC, Tran TV. Facile synthesis of CoFe 2O 4@MIL-53(Al) nanocomposite for fast dye removal: Adsorption models, optimization and recyclability. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114269. [PMID: 36103925 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The global occurrence of textile dyes pollution has recently emerged, posing a serious threat to ecological systems. To abate dye contamination, we here developed a novel magnetic porous CoFe2O4@MIL-53(Al) nanocomposite by incorporating magnetic CoFe2O4 nanoparticles with MIL-53(Al) metal-organic framework. This nanocomposite possessed a surface area of 197.144 m2 g-1 and a pore volume of 0.413 cm3 g-1. The effect of contact time (5-120 min), concentration (5-50 mg L-1), dosage (0.1-1.0 g L-1), and pH (2-10) on Congo red adsorption was clarified. CoFe2O4@MIL-53(Al) could remove 95.85% of Cong red dye from water with an accelerated kinetic rate of 0.6544 min-1 within 10 min. The kinetic and isotherm models showed the predominance of Bangham and Temkin. According to Langmuir, the maximum uptake capacities of CoFe2O4@MIL-53(Al), CoFe2O4, and MIL-53(Al) adsorbents were 43.768, 17.982, and 15.295 mg g-1, respectively. CoFe2O4@MIL-53(Al) was selected to optimize Cong red treatment using Box-Behnken experimental design. The outcomes showed that CoFe2O4@MIL-53(Al) achieved the highest experimental uptake capacity of 35.919 mg g-1 at concentration (29.966 mg L-1), time (14.926 min), and dosage (0.486 g L-1). CoFe2O4@MIL-53(Al) could treat dye mixture (methylene blue, methyl orange, Congo red, malachite green, and crystal violet) with an outstanding removal efficiency of 81.24% for 30 min, and could be reused up to five cycles. Therefore, novel recyclable and stable CoFe2O4@MIL-53(Al) is recommended to integrate well with real dye treatments systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Minh Nguyen
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam; Department of Chemical Engineering and Processing, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Ngoan Thi Thao Nguyen
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam; Department of Chemical Engineering and Processing, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Thuy Thi Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Processing, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Science, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Dai Hai Nguyen
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Viet Nam
| | - Duyen Thi Cam Nguyen
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam; NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam.
| | - Thuan Van Tran
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam; NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam.
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Adam AA, Soleimani H, Shukur MFBA, Dennis JO, Abdulkadir BA, Hassan YM, Yusuf JY, Shamsuri NAB. A new approach to understanding the interaction effect of salt and plasticizer on solid polymer electrolytes using statistical model and artificial intelligence algorithm. JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS 2022; 587:121597. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2022.121597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Vinayagam R, Dave N, Varadavenkatesan T, Rajamohan N, Sillanpää M, Nadda AK, Govarthanan M, Selvaraj R. Artificial neural network and statistical modelling of biosorptive removal of hexavalent chromium using macroalgal spent biomass. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:133965. [PMID: 35181433 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the sustainable removal of chromium in its hexavalent form by adsorption using sugar-extracted spent marine macroalgal biomass - Ulva prolifera. The adsorption of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions utilizing macroalgal biomass was studied under varying conditions of pH, adsorbent amount, agitation speed, and time to assess and optimize the process variables by using a statistical method - response surface methodology (RSM) to enhance the adsorption efficiency. The maximum adsorption efficiency of 99.11 ± 0.23% was obtained using U. prolifera under the optimal conditions: pH: 5.4, adsorbent dosage: 200 mg, agitation speed: 160 rpm, and time: 75 min. Also, a prediction tool - artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed using the RSM experimental data. Eight neurons in the hidden layer yielded the best network topology (4-8-1) with a high correlation coefficient (RANN: 0.99219) and low mean squared error (MSEANN: 0.99219). Various performance parameters were compared between RSM and ANN models, which confirmed that the ANN model was better in predicting the response with a high coefficient of determination value (R2ANN: 0.9844, R2RSM: 0.9721) and low MSE value (MSEANN: 3.7002, MSERSM: 6.2179). The adsorption data were analyzed by fitting to various equilibrium isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacity was estimated as 6.41 mg/g. Adsorption data was in line with Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.97) that confirmed the multilayer adsorption process. Therefore, the spent U. prolifera biomass can credibly be applied as a low-cost adsorbent for Cr (VI) removal, and the adsorption process can be modelled and predicted efficiently using ANN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Vinayagam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Niyam Dave
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Thivaharan Varadavenkatesan
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Natarajan Rajamohan
- Chemical Engineering Section, Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University, Sohar, P C-311, Oman
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Ashok Kumar Nadda
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, 173 234, India
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
| | - Raja Selvaraj
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Selective adsorption of dyes and pharmaceuticals from water by UiO metal–organic frameworks: A comprehensive review. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Experimental and Modeling of Dicamba Adsorption in Aqueous Medium Using MIL-101(Cr) Metal-Organic Framework. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9030419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drift deposition of emerging and carcinogenic contaminant dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxy benzoic acid) has become a major health and environmental concern. Effective removal of dicamba in aqueous medium becomes imperative. This study investigates the adsorption of a promising adsorbent, MIL-101(Cr) metal-organic framework (MOF), for the removal of dicamba in aqueous solution. The adsorbent was hydrothermally synthesized and characterized using N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET), powdered X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Adsorption models such as kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics were studied to understand details of the adsorption process. The significance and optimization of the data matrix, as well as the multivariate interaction of the adsorption parameters, were determined using response surface methodology (RSM). RSM and artificial neural network (ANN) were used to predict the adsorption capacity. In each of the experimental adsorption conditions used, the ANN gave a better prediction with minimal error than the RSM model. The MIL-101(Cr) adsorbent was recycled six times to determine the possibility of reuse. The results show that MIL-101(Cr) is a very promising adsorbent, in particular due to the high surface area (1439 m2 g−1), rapid equilibration (~25 min), high adsorption capacity (237.384 mg g−1) and high removal efficiency of 99.432%.
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