1
|
Chai C, Park J. Food liposomes: Structures, components, preparations, and applications. Food Chem 2024; 432:137228. [PMID: 37633138 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
This review explores liposomes, focusing on their structure, components, the characteristics influencing their stability and applicability in foods, and preparation methods. The role of phospholipids and liposome modulators in preparing liposomes of desired structure and size is emphasized. The potential of liposomes to enhance food value through liposomal encapsulation and delivery of functional substances is reviewed. Conventional and advanced liposome preparation methods are reviewed, underscoring their impact on the marketability of liposomes. The review highlights the need for research into lecithin properties and modulators that enhance liposome stability. The need to develop cost-effective and rapid liposome preparation methods is identified as a key factor in improving the marketability of food liposomes and promoting their use in foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changhoon Chai
- Department of Applied Animal Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinhyung Park
- Department of Applied Animal Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Milkova V, Vilhelmova-Ilieva N, Gyurova A, Kamburova K, Dimitrov I, Tsvetanova E, Georgieva A, Mileva M. Remdesivir-Loaded Nanoliposomes Stabilized by Chitosan/Hyaluronic Acid Film with a Potential Application in the Treatment of Coronavirus Infection. Neurol Int 2023; 15:1320-1338. [PMID: 37987456 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint15040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An object of the present study was the development of liposomes loaded with the medicine Veklury® (remdesivir) stabilized by electrostatic adsorption of polysaccharide film formed from chitosans with different physicochemical characteristics and hyaluronic acid. The functionalization of the structures was achieved through the inclusion of an aptamer (oligonucleotide sequence) with specific affinity to the spike protein of the human coronavirus HCoV-OC43. The hydrodynamic size, electrokinetic potential and stability of the structures were evaluated at each step in the procedure. The encapsulation efficiency and loaded amount of remdesivir (99% and 299 µg/mL) were estimated by UV-vis spectroscopy. Our investigations showed manifestation of promising tendencies for prolonged periods of the drug release and increased effectiveness of its antiviral action. Among all studied versions of the delivery system, the most distinguished and suitable in a model coronavirus therapy are the liposomes formed from chitosan oligosaccharides. The cytotoxicity of the liposomes was determined against the HCT-8 cell line. A cytopathic effect inhibition test was used for the assessment of the antiviral activity of the compounds. The virucidal activity and the effect on the viral adsorption of the samples were reported by the end-point dilution method, and the alteration in viral titer was determined as Δlgs compared to untreated controls. The redox-modulating properties of the nanoparticles were studied in vitro in certain/several/a few chemical model systems. Our investigations showed a manifestation of promising tendencies for a prolonged effect of the drug release and increased effectiveness of its antiviral action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Milkova
- Institute of Physical Chemistry 'Acad. R. Kaischew', 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Neli Vilhelmova-Ilieva
- Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anna Gyurova
- Institute of Physical Chemistry 'Acad. R. Kaischew', 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kamelia Kamburova
- Institute of Physical Chemistry 'Acad. R. Kaischew', 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivaylo Dimitrov
- Institute of Physical Chemistry 'Acad. R. Kaischew', 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elina Tsvetanova
- Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Almira Georgieva
- Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Milka Mileva
- Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bahrami Parsa M, Tafvizi F, Chaleshi V, Ebadi M. Preparation, characterization, and Co-delivery of cisplatin and doxorubicin-loaded liposomes to enhance anticancer Activities. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20657. [PMID: 37818003 PMCID: PMC10560846 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer stands as a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women globally. This malignancy has hindered successful treatment attempts due to its inherent resistance to chemotherapy agents. The utilization of cisplatin and doxorubicin-loaded liposomes emerges as a strategically advantageous approach in the realm of biomedical applications. This strategy holds promise for augmenting drug efficacy, mitigating toxicity, refining pharmacokinetics, and facilitating versatile drug delivery while accommodating combination therapies. In pursuit of scholarly investigations, the eminent databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar, were meticulously scrutinized. Within this study, a nano-liposomal formulation was meticulously designed to serve as a co-delivery system. This system was optimized by varying lipid concentrations, hydration time, and DSPC: cholesterol molar ratios to efficiently encapsulate and load doxorubicin (DOX) and cisplatin (CIS) to overcome drug resistance problems. The Lipo (CIS + DOX) formulation underwent rigorous characterization including dimensions, entrapment efficiencies and drug release kinetics. Notably, the entrapment efficiency of cisplatin and doxorubicin loaded liposomal nanoparticles was an impressive 85.29 ± 1.45 % and 73.62 ± 1.70 %, respectively. Furthermore, Lipo (CIS + DOX) drug release kinetics exhibited pH-dependent properties, with lower drug release rates at physiological pH (7.4) than acidic (pH 5.4). Subsequent cytotoxicity assays revealed the enhanced biocompatibility of dual-drug liposomes with HFF cells compared to free drug combinations. Impressively, CIS and DOX-loaded liposomes induced significant cytotoxicity against A2780 in comparison to free drugs and combinatorial free drugs. Furthermore, the CIS and DOX-loaded liposome showed induced apoptotic potential and cell cycle arrest in A2780 compared to CIS, DOX, and their combination (CIS + DOX). Combining CIS and DOX via liposomal nanoparticles introduces a promising therapeutic avenue for addressing ovarian cancer. These nano-scale carriers hold the potential for attenuating the untoward effects of singular drugs and their attendant toxicities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Farzaneh Tafvizi
- Department of Biology, Parand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Parand, Iran
| | - Vahid Chaleshi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ebadi
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Peng P, Chen Z, Wang M, Wen B, Deng X. Polysaccharide-modified liposomes and their application in cancer research. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 101:998-1011. [PMID: 36597375 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanodrug delivery systems have been widely used in cancer treatment. Among these, liposomal drug carriers have gained considerable attention due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low toxicity. However, conventional liposomes have several shortcomings, such as poor stability, rapid clearance, aggregation, fusion, degradation, hydrolysis, and oxidation of phospholipids. Polysaccharides are natural polymers of biological origin that exhibit structural stability, excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, flexibility, non-immunogenicity, low toxicity, and targetability. Therefore, they represent a promising class of polymers for the modification of the surface properties of liposomes to overcome their shortcomings. In addition, polysaccharides can be readily combined with other materials to develop new composite materials. Hence, they represent the optimal choice for liposomal modification to improve pharmacokinetics and clinical utility. Polysaccharide-coated liposomes exhibit better stability, drug release kinetics, and cellular uptake than conventional liposomes. The oncologic application of polysaccharide-coated liposomes has become a research hotspot. We summarize the preparation, physicochemical properties, and antineoplastic effects of polysaccharide-coated liposomes to facilitate antitumor drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peichun Peng
- International Zhuang Medical Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Zeshan Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Miaodong Wang
- Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Bin Wen
- Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Department of Basic Medical Science College, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Y, Liu Y. Construction of lipid-biomacromolecular compounds for loading and delivery of carotenoids: Preparation methods, structural properties, and absorption-enhancing mechanisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1653-1676. [PMID: 36062817 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2118229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Due to the unstable chemical properties and poor water solubility of carotenoids, their processing adaptation and oral bioavailability are poor, limiting their application in hydrophilic food systems. Lipid-biomacromolecular compounds can be excellent carriers for carotenoid delivery by taking full advantage of the solubilization of lipids to non-polar nutrients and the water dispersion and gastrointestinal controlled release properties of biomacromolecules. This paper reviewed the research progress of lipid-biomacromolecular compounds as encapsulation and delivery carriers of carotenoids and summarized the material selection and preparation methods for biomacromolecular compounds. By considering the interaction between the two, this paper briefly discussed the effect of these compounds on carotenoid water solubility, stability, and bioavailability, emphasizing their delivery effect on carotenoids. Finally, various challenges and future trends of lipid-biomacromolecular compounds as carotenoid delivery carriers were discussed, providing new insight into efficient loading and delivery of carotenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunjun Liu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixiang Liu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Provincial and Ministerial Co-construction for Marine Food Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gaynanova G, Vasileva L, Kashapov R, Kuznetsova D, Kushnazarova R, Tyryshkina A, Vasilieva E, Petrov K, Zakharova L, Sinyashin O. Self-Assembling Drug Formulations with Tunable Permeability and Biodegradability. Molecules 2021; 26:6786. [PMID: 34833877 PMCID: PMC8624506 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on key topics in the field of drug delivery related to the design of nanocarriers answering the biomedicine criteria, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, and the ability to overcome biological barriers. For these reasons, much attention is paid to the amphiphile-based carriers composed of natural building blocks, lipids, and their structural analogues and synthetic surfactants that are capable of self-assembly with the formation of a variety of supramolecular aggregates. The latter are dynamic structures that can be used as nanocontainers for hydrophobic drugs to increase their solubility and bioavailability. In this section, biodegradable cationic surfactants bearing cleavable fragments are discussed, with ester- and carbamate-containing analogs, as well as amino acid derivatives received special attention. Drug delivery through the biological barriers is a challenging task, which is highlighted by the example of transdermal method of drug administration. In this paper, nonionic surfactants are primarily discussed, including their application for the fabrication of nanocarriers, their surfactant-skin interactions, the mechanisms of modulating their permeability, and the factors controlling drug encapsulation, release, and targeted delivery. Different types of nanocarriers are covered, including niosomes, transfersomes, invasomes and chitosomes, with their morphological specificity, beneficial characteristics and limitations discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gulnara Gaynanova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Street 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia; (L.V.); (R.K.); (D.K.); (R.K.); (A.T.); (E.V.); (K.P.); (L.Z.); (O.S.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Essential contributions of food hydrocolloids and phospholipid liposomes to the formation of carriers for controlled delivery of biologically active substances via the gastrointestinal tract. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
8
|
Alvarado N, Abarca RL, Linares-Flores C. Two Fascinating Polysaccharides: Chitosan and Starch. Some Prominent Characterizations for Applying as Eco-Friendly Food Packaging and Pollutant Remover in Aqueous Medium. Progress in Recent Years: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1737. [PMID: 34073343 PMCID: PMC8198307 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The call to use biodegradable, eco-friendly materials is urgent. The use of biopolymers as a replacement for the classic petroleum-based materials is increasing. Chitosan and starch have been widely studied with this purpose: to be part of this replacement. The importance of proper physical characterization of these biopolymers is essential for the intended application. This review focuses on characterizations of chitosan and starch, approximately from 2017 to date, in one of their most-used applications: food packaging for chitosan and as an adsorbent agent of pollutants in aqueous medium for starch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Alvarado
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, San Miguel 8900000, Chile
| | - Romina L. Abarca
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Cristian Linares-Flores
- Grupo de Investigación en Energía y Procesos Sustentables, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, San Miguel 8900000, Chile;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Khatouri M, Ahfir R, Lemaalam M, El Khaoui S, Derouiche A, Filali M. Effect of hydrophobically modified PEO polymers (PEO-dodecyl) on oil/water microemulsion properties: in vitro and in silico investigations. RSC Adv 2021; 11:7059-7069. [PMID: 35423179 PMCID: PMC8694888 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09804c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microemulsions are excellent systems for transdermal delivery of multifunctional drugs because they have the potential to improve drug absorption/permeation and handling limitations. Biocompatible polymers are used as a coating of microemulsions to avoid the interactions that can occur between the microemulsions and the skin. Thus, they protect and lubricate these transporter nanovesicles. In this paper, we studied decane/water microemulsions covered with hydrophobically modified PEO polymer (PEO-m). To reveal the effect of hydrophobically modified PEO (PEO-m) polymer on the shape, the micro-arrangement and the dynamics of the microemulsions, we used an integrated strategy combining Molecular Dynamics simulation (MD), Small-Angle Neutron Scattering experiments (SANS), and the Ornstein-Zernike integral equations with the Hypernetted Chain (HNC) closure relation. We determined the microemulsion shape in vitro using the renormalized intensities spectra from SANS experiments. We discussed the micro arrangements of microemulsions, in vitro and in silico, employing the pair correlation function g(r) and the structure factor S(q), obtained from the three approaches with good agreement. Thus, we used the validated MD simulations to calculate the microemulsion's dynamics properties that we discussed using the mean-squared displacement (MSD) and the diffusion coefficients. We found that the presence of moderate quantities of PEO-m, from 4 to 12 PEO-m per microemulsion, does not influence the microemulsion shape, increases the stability of the microemulsion, and slightly decrease the dynamics. Our in vitro and in silico results suggest that polymer incorporation, which has interesting in vivo implications, has no disadvantageous effects on the microemulsion properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Khatouri
- Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée, Informatique et Statistique (LPAIS), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University BP 1796 Fes Atlas Morocco
| | - R Ahfir
- Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée, Informatique et Statistique (LPAIS), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University BP 1796 Fes Atlas Morocco
| | - M Lemaalam
- Laboratoire de Physique des Polymères et Phénomènes Critiques Sciences Faculty Ben M'Sik, Hassan II University P.O. Box 7955 Casablanca Morocco
| | - S El Khaoui
- Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée, Informatique et Statistique (LPAIS), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University BP 1796 Fes Atlas Morocco
| | - A Derouiche
- Laboratoire de Physique des Polymères et Phénomènes Critiques Sciences Faculty Ben M'Sik, Hassan II University P.O. Box 7955 Casablanca Morocco
| | - M Filali
- Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée, Informatique et Statistique (LPAIS), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University BP 1796 Fes Atlas Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Khatouri M, Lemaalem M, Ahfir R, El Khaoui S, Derouiche A, Filali M. Sol/gel transition of oil/water microemulsions controlled by surface grafted triblock copolymer dodecyl–PEO 227–dodecyl: molecular dynamics simulations with experimentally validated interaction potential. RSC Adv 2021; 11:20824-20835. [PMID: 35479396 PMCID: PMC9034022 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02649f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied a large range of identical spherical oil/water microemulsion (O/W-MI) volume fractions. The O/W-MIs are stabilized by cetylpyridinium chloride ionic surfactant (CpCl) and octanol cosurfactant and dispersed in salt water. We grafted different numbers of dodecyl–(polyEthylene oxide)227–dodecyl triblock copolymer that we note (n(D–PEO227–D)), where n varies from 0 to 12. We accomplished the grafting process by replacing a small amount of CpCl and octanol with the appropriate n(D–PEO227–D). The aim is to determine the interaction/structure relationship of the covered microemulsions. Precisely, we are interested in a quantitative investigation of the influence of volume fraction Φ, temperature (T), and n(D–PEO227–D) on the microemulsion sol/gel transition. To this end, we first study the uncoated microemulsion structure depending only on Φ. Second, we determine the coated microemulsions structure as a function of n(D–PEO227–D) for different Φ. Third, we examine the effect of temperature on the uncoated and coated microemulsion. We show that the sol/gel transition is controlled by the three main parameters, Φ, T, and n(D–PEO227–D). Accordingly, the uncoated microemulsion sol/gel transition, at ambient temperature, occurred for Φ ≃ 33.65%. By increasing Φ, the O/W-MIs show a glass state, which occurs, along with the gel state, at Φ ≃ 37% and arises clearly at Φ ≃ 60%. The coated O/W-MI sol/gel transition is found to be linearly dependent on n(D–PEO227–D) and takes place for Φ ≃ 26.5% for n(D–PEO227–D) = 12. Ordinarily, the decrease in temperature leads to gel formation of microemulsions for low Φ. Additionally, in this work, we found that the gelation temperature increases linearly with n(D–PEO227–D). Thus, the parameter n(D–PEO227–D) can control the sol/gel transition of the O/W-MIs at ambient temperature and moderate Φ. We studied the sol/gel transition of oil/water microemulsion (O/W-MI) covered with dodecyl–(polyEthylene oxide)227–dodecyl triblock copolymer.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Khatouri
- Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée, Informatique et Statistique (LPAIS) Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University
- Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz
- Fes
- Morocco
| | - M. Lemaalem
- Laboratoire de Physique des Polymères et Phénomènes Critiques Sciences
- Faculty Ben M'Sik
- Hassan II University
- Casablanca
- Morocco
| | - R. Ahfir
- Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée, Informatique et Statistique (LPAIS) Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University
- Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz
- Fes
- Morocco
| | - S. El Khaoui
- Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée, Informatique et Statistique (LPAIS) Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University
- Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz
- Fes
- Morocco
| | - A. Derouiche
- Laboratoire de Physique des Polymères et Phénomènes Critiques Sciences
- Faculty Ben M'Sik
- Hassan II University
- Casablanca
- Morocco
| | - M. Filali
- Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée, Informatique et Statistique (LPAIS) Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University
- Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz
- Fes
- Morocco
| |
Collapse
|