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Ningrum A, Wardani DW, Vanidia N, Sarifudin A, Kumalasari R, Ekafitri R, Kristanti D, Setiaboma W, Munawaroh HSH. Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities from a Sustainable Source of Okara Protein Hydrolysate Using Enzymatic Reaction. Molecules 2023; 28:4974. [PMID: 37446636 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28134974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Okara is a solid byproduct created during the processing of soy milk. The production of protein hydrolysates utilizing enzymatic tests such as papain can result in the production of bioactive peptides (BPs), which are amino acid sequences that can also be produced from the okara protein by hydrolysis. The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activities of okara hydrolysates using papain, based on the in silico and in vitro assays using the papain enzyme. We found that using the in silico assessment, the antioxidant peptides can be found from the precursor (glycinin and conglycinin) in okara. When used as a protease, papain provides the maximum degree of hydrolysis for antioxidative peptides. The highest-peptide-rank peptide sequence was predicted using peptide ranks such as proline-histidine-phenylalanine (PHF), alanine-aspartic acid-phenylalanine (ADF), tyrosine-tyrosine-leucine (YYL), proline-histidine-histidine (PHH), isoleucine-arginine (IR), and serine-valine-leucine (SVL). Molecular docking studies revealed that all peptides generated from the parent protein impeded substrate access to the active site of xanthine oxidase (XO). They have antioxidative properties and are employed in the in silico approach to the XO enzyme. We also use papain to evaluate the antioxidant activity by using in vitro tests for protein hydrolysate following proteolysis. The antioxidant properties of okara protein hydrolysates have been shown in vitro, utilizing DPPH and FRAP experiments. This study suggests that okara hydrolysates generated by papain can be employed as natural antioxidants in food and for further applications, such as active ingredients for antioxidants in packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriati Ningrum
- Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Flora Street No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Dian Wahyu Wardani
- Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Flora Street No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Nurul Vanidia
- Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Flora Street No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Achmat Sarifudin
- Research Centre for Appropriate Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, KS. Tubun Street No. 5, Subang 41213, Indonesia
| | - Rima Kumalasari
- Research Centre for Appropriate Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, KS. Tubun Street No. 5, Subang 41213, Indonesia
| | - Riyanti Ekafitri
- Research Centre for Appropriate Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, KS. Tubun Street No. 5, Subang 41213, Indonesia
| | - Dita Kristanti
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jogja-Wonosari Street km 31, 5 Playen, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta 55861, Indonesia
| | - Woro Setiaboma
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jogja-Wonosari Street km 31, 5 Playen, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta 55861, Indonesia
| | - Heli Siti Helimatul Munawaroh
- Study Program of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Science Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung 40154, Indonesia
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Synthesis and characterization of two polynuclear zinc(II) complexes and their applications in nitroaromatics sensing: An experimental and theoretical study. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Basak T, Roy S, Banerjee S, Gomila RM, Frontera A, Chattopadhyay S. Synthesis, characterization and self assembly of dinuclear zinc Schiff base complexes: A combined experimental and theoretical study. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Sarkar RS, Basak T, Gomila RM, Frontera A, Chattopadhyay S. DFT study on CH⋯O, CH···SCN and S···π interaction energies in three dinuclear mixed valence cobalt(III/II) complexes with secondary diamine ligands having inner N2O2 and outer O4 compartments. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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A monomeric iron(III) compound containing N-(2-pyridylmethyl)iminodiisopropanolate and thiocyanato ligands: structure, magnetic and catalytic properties. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.120877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Karmakar M, Gomila RM, Frontera A, Chattopadhyay S. Large interaction energy for the homodimer and the heterodimer extracted from the supramolecular chain of a bent trinuclear zinc( ii) complex with a reduced Schiff base ligand. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03984a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The coordinated amino groups in a trinuclear zinc complex participate in strong H-bonding interactions that have been analysed. The dimerization energy is very large for both the homodimer and the heterodimer in the 1D supramolecular chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Rosa M. Gomila
- Serveis Cientificotècnics, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
| | - Shouvik Chattopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
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Pérez H, Di Santo A, Piro OE, Echeverría GA, González M, Ben Altabef A, Gomila RM, Frontera A, Gil DM. Novel 'main-part' isostructuralism in metal complexes with 1-methylimidazole: crystal structures, energy calculations and magnetic properties. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17029-17040. [PMID: 34761774 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03159g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two new transition metal complexes with 1-methylimidazole (1-MeIm) and azide as ligands, namely, [Co(1-MeIm)4(N3)2] (1) and [Ni(1-MeIm)4(N3)2] (2), have been synthesized and characterized by IR, Raman, UV-Vis and XPS spectroscopy. Their crystal structures were solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The supramolecular self-assembly of the two complexes is governed by non-classical C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds and C-H⋯π interactions. Lattice energies and intermolecular interaction energies for various molecular pairs are quantified using the PIXEL method. DFT computational studies to assess the binding energy through modern tools like non-covalent interaction (NCI plots) analysis and reduced density gradient (RDG) analysis have also been carried out. A detailed analysis of geometric descriptors revealed the existence of quasi-isostructural pairs or 'main-part' isostructuralism in a series formed by 1, 2, and a related cadmium complex, being more evident in the 1/2 pair. DFT studies using theoretical models have been used to disclose the relative importance of the H-bond and C-H⋯π noncovalent interactions. Magnetic measurements for compound 1 show weak ferrimagnetic coupling between adjacent M(II) centers, mediated by H-bonding and C-H⋯π non-covalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiram Pérez
- Departamento de Química General e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de La Habana, CP 10400, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Alejandro Di Santo
- INQUINOA (CONICET - UNT), Instituto de Química Física, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Lorenzo 456, T4000CAN, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Oscar E Piro
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and IFLP institute (CONICET, CCT-La Plata), C.C. 67, 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Gustavo A Echeverría
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and IFLP institute (CONICET, CCT-La Plata), C.C. 67, 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Marlene González
- CONACyT-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, U. Legaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Aida Ben Altabef
- INQUINOA (CONICET - UNT), Instituto de Química Física, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Lorenzo 456, T4000CAN, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Rosa M Gomila
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain
| | - Diego M Gil
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and IFLP institute (CONICET, CCT-La Plata), C.C. 67, 1900, La Plata, Argentina. .,INBIOFAL (CONICET - UNT), Instituto de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 471, T4000INI, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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Basak T, Frontera A, Chattopadhyay S. Synthesis and characterization of a mononuclear zinc(ii) Schiff base complex: on the importance of C-H⋯π interactions. RSC Adv 2021; 11:30148-30155. [PMID: 35480293 PMCID: PMC9040895 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03943a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A zinc(ii) complex, [ZnL(H2O)]·H2O {H2L = 2,2′-[(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediyl)bis(nitrilomethylidyne)]bis[6-ethoxyphenol]} has been synthesized and characterized by UV-vis and IR spectroscopy. The structure of the complex has been confirmed by X-ray crystallography and the noncovalent interactions characterized using Hirshfeld surface analysis. In addition to the conventional H-bonds involving the Zn-coordinated and non-coordinated water molecules, interesting C–H⋯π interactions between the H-atoms belonging to aliphatic part of the ligand (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediyl) and the Zn-coordinated aromatic rings are established. These interactions have been studied using DFT calculations (PBE0-D3/def2-TZVP) and characterized using molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surfaces and the noncovalent interaction (NCI) plot index analyses. The strength of the C–H⋯π interaction in the solid state of [ZnL(H2O)]·H2O has been evaluated using DFT calculations and also analysed using the MEP surface and NCI plot index computational tool.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Basak
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Section, Jadavpur University Kolkata-700032 India
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Departamento de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5 07122 Palma Baleares Spain
| | - Shouvik Chattopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Section, Jadavpur University Kolkata-700032 India
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