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Fuente IFDL, Sawant SS, Kho KW, Sarangi NK, Canete RC, Pal S, Liang LH, Keyes TE, Rouge JL. Determining the Role of Surfactant on the Cytosolic Delivery of DNA Cross-Linked Micelles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:43400-43415. [PMID: 39132807 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c09894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Nucleic Acid Nanocapsules (NANs) are nucleic acid nanostructures that radially display oligonucleotides on the surface of cross-linked surfactant micelles. Their chemical makeup affords the stimuli-responsive release of therapeutically active DNA-surfactant conjugates into the cells. While NANs have so far demonstrated the effective cytosolic delivery of their nucleic acid cargo, as seen indirectly by their gene regulation capabilities, there remain gaps in the molecular understanding of how this process happens. Herein, we examine the enzymatic degradation of NANs and confirm the identity of the DNA-surfactant conjugates formed by using mass spectrometry (MS). With surface enhanced (resonance) Raman spectroscopy (SE(R)RS), we also provide evidence that the energy-independent translocation of such DNA-surfactant conjugates is contingent upon their release from the NAN structure, which, when intact, otherwise buries the hydrophobic surfactant tail in its interior. Such information suggests a critical role of the surfactant in the lipid disruption capability of the DNA surfactant conjugates generated from degradation of the NANs. Using NANs made with different tail lengths (C12 and C10), we show that this mechanism likely holds true despite significant differences in the physical properties (i.e., critical micelle concentration (CMC), surfactants per micelle, Nagg) of the resultant particles (C12 and C10 NANs). While the total cellular uptake efficiencies of C12 and C10 NANs are similar, there were differences observed in their cellular distribution and localized trafficking, even after ensuring that the total concentration of DNA was the same for both particles. Ultimately, C10 NANs appeared less diffuse within cells and colocalized less with lysosomes over time, achieving more significant knockdown of the target gene investigated, suggesting more effective endosomal escape. These differences indicate that the surfactant assembly and disassembly properties, including the number of surfactants per particle and the CMC can have important implications for the cellular delivery efficacy of DNA micelles and surfactant conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina F de la Fuente
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Shraddha S Sawant
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Kiang W Kho
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasvenin, Dublin D09 W6Y4, Ireland
| | - Nirod K Sarangi
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasvenin, Dublin D09 W6Y4, Ireland
| | - Rachelle C Canete
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Suman Pal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Lisa H Liang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Tia E Keyes
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasvenin, Dublin D09 W6Y4, Ireland
| | - Jessica L Rouge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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Santiana JJ, Sawant SS, Gomez N, Rouge JL. Multi-layered stimuli responsive DNA micelles for the stepwise controlled release of small molecules. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:7518-7526. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02722k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA functionalized Multi layered Surface Crosslinked Micelles (mlSCMs) can compartmentalize two small molecule cargo in distinct layers. In response to the appropriate trigger, mlSCMs can release cargo for chemical and biochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Santiana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Shraddha S. Sawant
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Nicole Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Jessica L. Rouge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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