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Warmuth L, Steurer M, Schild D, Zimina A, Grunwaldt JD, Pitter S. Reversible and Irreversible Structural Changes in Cu/ZnO/ZrO 2 Catalysts during Methanol Synthesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:8813-8821. [PMID: 38335022 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The structure and chemical state of heterogeneous catalysts are closely related to their operational stability. Knowing these relationships as precisely as possible is thus essential for further catalyst development. This work focuses on the deactivation of a Cu/ZnO/ZrO2-type catalyst for methanol synthesis. Experiments were performed in a parallel setup, with which time-dependent changes in the catalyst material can be observed. Elucidation of potential deactivation pathways is described for catalyst aging at different times on stream (0, 50, 935 h). Data from X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, N2 physisorption, and transmission electron microscopy measurements reveal that sintering of Cu0 domains and restructuring within ZnO domains mainly contribute to deactivation. Subsequent reactivation by reduction (in H2/N2) reverts the observed structural changes only to a limited extent. Moreover, this work highlights the participation of ZrO2 as a promoter and reveals redispersion of zirconia after initial reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Warmuth
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Matthias Steurer
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dieter Schild
- Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal (INE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Anna Zimina
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stephan Pitter
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Fan X, Jin B, He X, Li S, Liang X. Ultra-thin ZrO 2overcoating on CuO-ZnO-Al 2O 3catalyst by atomic layer deposition for improved catalytic performance of CO 2hydrogenation to dimethyl ether. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:235401. [PMID: 36857761 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acc036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An ultra-thin overcoating of zirconium oxide (ZrO2) film on CuO-ZnO-Al2O3(CZA) catalysts by atomic layer deposition (ALD) was proved to enhance the catalytic performance of CZA/HZSM-5 (H form of Zeolite Socony Mobil-5) bifunctional catalysts for hydrogenation of CO2to dimethyl ether (DME). Under optimal reaction conditions (i.e. 240 °C and 2.8 MPa), the yield of product DME increased from 17.22% for the bare CZA/HZSM-5 catalysts, to 18.40% for the CZA catalyst after 5 cycles of ZrO2ALD with HZSM-5 catalyst. All the catalysts modified by ZrO2ALD displayed significantly improved catalytic stability of hydrogenation of CO2to DME reaction, compared to that of CZA/HZSM-5 bifunctional catalysts. The loss of DME yield in 100 h of reaction was greatly mitigated from 6.20% (loss of absolute value) to 3.01% for the CZA catalyst with 20 cycles of ZrO2ALD overcoating. Characterizations including hydrogen temperature programmed reduction, x-ray powder diffraction, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that there was strong interaction between Cu active centers and ZrO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fan
- Linda and Bipin Doshi Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, United States of America
| | - Baitang Jin
- Linda and Bipin Doshi Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, United States of America
| | - Xiaoqing He
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America
| | - Shiguang Li
- Gas Technology Institute, 1700 South Mount Prospect Road, Des Plaines, IL 60018, United States of America
| | - Xinhua Liang
- Linda and Bipin Doshi Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, United States of America
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States of America
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Kubas D, Semmel M, Salem O, Krossing I. Is Direct DME Synthesis Superior to Methanol Production in Carbon Dioxide Valorization? From Thermodynamic Predictions to Experimental Confirmation. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Kubas
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Malte Semmel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), Heidenhofstraße 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ouda Salem
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), Heidenhofstraße 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Müller A, Comas-Vives A, Copéret C. Ga and Zn increase the oxygen affinity of Cu-based catalysts for the CO x hydrogenation according to ab initio atomistic thermodynamics. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13442-13458. [PMID: 36507169 PMCID: PMC9685501 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03107h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct hydrogenation of CO or CO2 to methanol, a highly vivid research area in the context of sustainable development, is typically carried out with Cu-based catalysts. Specific elements (so-called promoters) improve the catalytic performance of these systems under a broad range of reaction conditions (from pure CO to pure CO2). Some of these promoters, such as Ga and Zn, can alloy with Cu and their role remains a matter of debate. In that context, we used periodic DFT calculations on slab models and ab initio thermodynamics to evaluate both metal alloying and surface formation by considering multiple surface facets, different promoter concentrations and spatial distributions as well as adsorption of several species (O*, H*, CO* and ) for different gas phase compositions. Both Ga and Zn form an fcc-alloy with Cu due to the stronger interaction of the promoters with Cu than with themselves. While the Cu-Ga-alloy is more stable than the Cu-Zn-alloy at low promoter concentrations (<25%), further increasing the promoter concentration reverses this trend, due to the unfavoured Ga-Ga-interactions. Under CO2 hydrogenation conditions, a substantial amount of O* can adsorb onto the alloy surfaces, resulting in partial dealloying and oxidation of the promoters. Therefore, the CO2 hydrogenation conditions are actually rather oxidising for both Ga and Zn despite the large amount of H2 present in the feedstock. Thus, the growth of a GaO x /ZnO x overlayer is thermodynamically preferred under reaction conditions, enhancing CO2 adsorption, and this effect is more pronounced for the Cu-Ga-system than for the Cu-Zn-system. In contrast, under CO hydrogenation conditions, fully reduced and alloyed surfaces partially covered with H* and CO* are expected, with mixed CO/CO2 hydrogenation conditions resulting in a mixture of reduced and oxidised states. This shows that the active atmosphere tunes the preferred state of the catalyst, influencing the catalytic activity and stability, indicating that the still widespread image of a static catalyst under reaction conditions is insufficient to understand the complex interplay of processes taking place on a catalyst surface under reaction conditions, and that dynamic effects must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich8093 ZurichSwitzerland+41 44 633 93 94
| | - Aleix Comas-Vives
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien1060 ViennaAustria,Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193 Cerdanyola del VallèsCataloniaSpain
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich8093 ZurichSwitzerland+41 44 633 93 94
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Salomone F, Bonura G, Frusteri F, Castellino M, Fontana M, Chiodoni AM, Russo N, Pirone R, Bensaid S. Physico-Chemical Modifications Affecting the Activity and Stability of Cu-Based Hybrid Catalysts during the Direct Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide into Dimethyl-Ether. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7774. [PMID: 36363366 PMCID: PMC9657723 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The direct hydrogenation of CO2 into dimethyl-ether (DME) has been studied in the presence of ferrierite-based CuZnZr hybrid catalysts. The samples were synthetized with three different techniques and two oxides/zeolite mass ratios. All the samples (calcined and spent) were properly characterized with different physico-chemical techniques for determining the textural and morphological nature of the catalytic surface. The experimental campaign was carried out in a fixed bed reactor at 2.5 MPa and stoichiometric H2/CO2 molar ratio, by varying both the reaction temperature (200-300 °C) and the spatial velocity (6.7-20.0 NL∙gcat-1∙h-1). Activity tests evidenced a superior activity of catalysts at a higher oxides/zeolite weight ratio, with a maximum DME yield as high as 4.5% (58.9 mgDME∙gcat-1∙h-1) exhibited by the sample prepared by gel-oxalate coprecipitation. At lower oxide/zeolite mass ratios, the catalysts prepared by impregnation and coprecipitation exhibited comparable DME productivity, whereas the physically mixed sample showed a high activity in CO2 hydrogenation but a low selectivity toward methanol and DME, ascribed to a minor synergy between the metal-oxide sites and the acid sites of the zeolite. Durability tests highlighted a progressive loss in activity with time on stream, mainly associated to the detrimental modifications under the adopted experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Salomone
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bonura
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Tecnologie Avanzate per l’Energia “Nicola Giordano” (CNR-ITAE), Via Santa Lucia Sopra Contesse 5, 98126 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Frusteri
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Tecnologie Avanzate per l’Energia “Nicola Giordano” (CNR-ITAE), Via Santa Lucia Sopra Contesse 5, 98126 Messina, Italy
| | - Micaela Castellino
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Fontana
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Via Livorno 60, 10144 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Nunzio Russo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Raffaele Pirone
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Samir Bensaid
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
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Perret L, Lacerda de Oliveira Campos B, Herrera Delgado K, Zevaco TA, Neumann A, Sauer J. CO
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Fixation to Elementary Building Blocks: Anaerobic Syngas Fermentation vs. Chemical Catalysis. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Perret
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | | | - Karla Herrera Delgado
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Thomas A. Zevaco
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Anke Neumann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences 2 – Technical Biology 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jörg Sauer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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7
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Guse D, Polierer S, Wild S, Pitter S, Kind M. Improved Preparation of Cu/Zn‐Based Catalysts by Well‐Defined Conditions of Co‐Precipitation and Aging. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202100197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Guse
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Thermal Process Engineering (TVT) Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Sabrina Polierer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Stefan Wild
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Stephan Pitter
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Matthias Kind
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Institute of Thermal Process Engineering (TVT) Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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Tofighi G, Lichtenberg H, Gaur A, Wang W, Wild S, Herrera Delgado K, Pitter S, Dittmeyer R, Grunwaldt JD, Doronkin DE. Continuous synthesis of Cu/ZnO/Al 2O 3 nanoparticles in a co-precipitation reaction using a silicon based microfluidic reactor. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00499a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A microfluidic reactor enabled continuous co-precipitation synthesis of CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts for methanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Tofighi
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Henning Lichtenberg
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Abhijeet Gaur
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wu Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wild
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Karla Herrera Delgado
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stephan Pitter
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Roland Dittmeyer
- Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dmitry E. Doronkin
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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9
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Wild S, Lacerda de Oliveira Campos B, Zevaco TA, Guse D, Kind M, Pitter S, Herrera Delgado K, Sauer J. Experimental investigations and model-based optimization of CZZ/H-FER 20 bed compositions for the direct synthesis of DME from CO2-rich syngas. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00470k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic investigations and model-based optimization of CuO/ZnO/ZrO2 : H-FER 20 catalytic systems for direct DME synthesis from CO2-rich syngas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wild
- IKFT – Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Bruno Lacerda de Oliveira Campos
- IKFT – Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas A. Zevaco
- IKFT – Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - David Guse
- TVT – Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstraße 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Matthias Kind
- TVT – Institute of Thermal Process Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstraße 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stephan Pitter
- IKFT – Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Karla Herrera Delgado
- IKFT – Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jörg Sauer
- IKFT – Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Millán Ordóñez E, Mota N, Guil-López R, Garcia Pawelec B, Fierro JLG, Navarro Yerga RM. Direct Synthesis of Dimethyl Ether on Bifunctional Catalysts Based on Cu–ZnO(Al) and Supported H 3PW 12O 40: Effect of Physical Mixing on Bifunctional Interactions and Activity. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Millán Ordóñez
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, c/Marie Curie 2, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- PhD Programme in Applied Chemistry, Doctoral School, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Mota
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, c/Marie Curie 2, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Rut Guil-López
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, c/Marie Curie 2, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Barbara Garcia Pawelec
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, c/Marie Curie 2, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - José Luis García Fierro
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, c/Marie Curie 2, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Rufino M. Navarro Yerga
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, c/Marie Curie 2, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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Delgado Otalvaro N, Sogne G, Herrera Delgado K, Wild S, Pitter S, Sauer J. Kinetics of the direct DME synthesis from CO 2 rich syngas under variation of the CZA-to-γ-Al 2O 3 ratio of a mixed catalyst bed. RSC Adv 2021; 11:24556-24569. [PMID: 35481015 PMCID: PMC9036900 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03452a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The one-step synthesis of dimethyl ether over mechanical mixtures of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 (CZA) and γ-Al2O3 was studied in a wide range of process conditions. Experiments were performed at an industrially relevant pressure of 50 bar varying the carbon oxide ratio in the feed (CO2 in COx from 20 to 80%), temperature (503–533 K), space-time (240–400 kgcat s mgas−3), and the CZA-to-γ-Al2O3 weight ratio (from 1 to 5). Factors favoring the DME production in the investigated range of conditions are an elevated temperature, a low CO2 content in the feed, and a CZA-to-γ-Al2O3 weight ratio of 2. A lumped kinetic model was parameterized to fit the experimental data, resulting in one of the predictive models with the broadest range of validity in the open literature for the CZA/γ-Al2O3 system. Experimental and numerical kinetic investigations for the direct DME synthesis resulted in one of the predictive models with the broadest range of validity in the open literature for the CZA/γ-Al2O3 system.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerardo Sogne
- Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | | | - Stefan Wild
- Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Stephan Pitter
- Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Jörg Sauer
- Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT)
- D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
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