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Kammarchedu V, Asgharian H, Zhou K, Soltan Khamsi P, Ebrahimi A. Recent advances in graphene-based electroanalytical devices for healthcare applications. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:12857-12882. [PMID: 38888429 PMCID: PMC11238565 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06137j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Graphene, with its outstanding mechanical, electrical, and biocompatible properties, stands out as an emerging nanomaterial for healthcare applications, especially in building electroanalytical biodevices. With the rising prevalence of chronic diseases and infectious diseases, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for point-of-care testing and remote patient monitoring has never been greater. Owing to their portability, ease of manufacturing, scalability, and rapid and sensitive response, electroanalytical devices excel in these settings for improved healthcare accessibility, especially in resource-limited settings. The development of different synthesis methods yielding large-scale graphene and its derivatives with controllable properties, compatible with device manufacturing - from lithography to various printing methods - and tunable electrical, chemical, and electrochemical properties make it an attractive candidate for electroanalytical devices. This review article sheds light on how graphene-based devices can be transformative in addressing pressing healthcare needs, ranging from the fundamental understanding of biology in in vivo and ex vivo studies to early disease detection and management using in vitro assays and wearable devices. In particular, the article provides a special focus on (i) synthesis and functionalization techniques, emphasizing their suitability for scalable integration into devices, (ii) various transduction methods to design diverse electroanalytical device architectures, (iii) a myriad of applications using devices based on graphene, its derivatives, and hybrids with other nanomaterials, and (iv) emerging technologies at the intersection of device engineering and advanced data analytics. Finally, some of the major hurdles that graphene biodevices face for translation into clinical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kammarchedu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
- Center for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Heshmat Asgharian
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Keren Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Pouya Soltan Khamsi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Aida Ebrahimi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
- Center for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Singh A, Singh AK, Sinha SRP. Fermi-Level Modulation of Chemical Vapor Deposition-Grown Monolayer Graphene via Nanoparticles to Macromolecular Dopants. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:744-751. [PMID: 35036740 PMCID: PMC8756573 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
It is critical to modulate the Fermi level of graphene for the development of high-performance electronic and optoelectronic devices. Here, we have demonstrated the modulation of the Fermi level of chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown monolayer graphene (MLG) via doping with nanoparticles to macromolecules such as titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), nitric acid (HNO3), octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTS) self-assembled monolayer (SAM), and poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). The electronic properties of pristine and doped graphene samples were investigated by Raman spectroscopy and electrical transport measurements. The right shifting of G and 2D peaks and reduction in 2D to G peak intensity ratio (I 2D/I G) assured that the dopants induced a p-type doping effect. Upon doping, the shifting of the Dirac point towards positive voltage validates the increment of the hole concentration in graphene and thus downward shift of the Fermi level. More importantly, the combination of HNO3/TiO2 NP doping on graphene yields a substantially larger change in the Fermi level of MLG. Our study may be useful for the development of graphene-based high-performance flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand
Kumar Singh
- Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow 226021, India
| | - Arun Kumar Singh
- Department
of Pure and Applied Physics, Guru Ghasidas
Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur 495009, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Sita Ram Prasad Sinha
- Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow 226021, India
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Functionalized and Platinum-Decorated Multi-Layer Oxidized Graphene as a Proton, and Electron Conducting Separator in Solid Acid Fuel Cells. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11080947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present article, electrodes containing a composite of platinum on top of a plasma-oxidized multi-layer graphene film are investigated as model electrodes that combine an exceptional high platinum utilization with high electrode stability. Graphene is thereby acting as a separator between the phosphate-based electrolyte and the platinum catalyst. Electrochemical impedance measurements in humidified hydrogen at 240 °C show area-normalized electrode resistance of 0.06 Ω·cm−2 for a platinum loading of ∼60 µgPt·cm−2, resulting in an outstanding mass normalized activity of almost 280 S·mgPt−1, exceeding even state-of-the-art electrodes. The presented platinum decorated graphene electrodes enable stable operation over 60 h with a non-optimized degradation rate of 0.15% h−1, whereas electrodes with a similar design but without the graphene as separator are prone to a very fast degradation. The presented results propose an efficient way to stabilize solid acid fuel cell electrodes and provide valuable insights about the degradation processes which are essential for further electrode optimization.
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