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Abstract
How do you get into flow? We trained in flow chemistry during postdoctoral research and are now applying it in new areas: materials chemistry, crystallization, and supramolecular synthesis. Typically, when researchers think of "flow", they are considering predominantly liquid-based organic synthesis; application to other disciplines comes with its own challenges. In this Perspective, we highlight why we use and champion flow technologies in our fields, summarize some of the questions we encounter when discussing entry into flow research, and suggest steps to make the transition into the field, emphasizing that communication and collaboration between disciplines is key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Laybourn
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,
| | - Karen Robertson
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,
| | - Anna G. Slater
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.,
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2
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Reactor performance estimation in microscale flow calorimeter for rapid characterization of exothermic reactions. J Flow Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-022-00251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Continuous flow calorimeters are a promising tool in process development and safety engineering, especially for flow chemistry applications to characterize the heat release and kinetic parameters of rapid chemical reactions. In this study, the digital accompaniment of an isoperibolic flow calorimeter for characterization of exothermic reactions is presented. To support experimental planning and evaluation, computational fluid dynamic simulations are carried out for single-phase flow in the microreactor. The residence time distribution is obtained and used for estimation of conversion and temperature profiles along the microreactor channel. This leads to an integration of CFD simulations into the calorimeter’s software-guided workflow reducing the experimental effort regarding the determination of thermokinetic data. The approach is tested for a highly exothermic test reaction, which provides further hints for future investigations.
Article highlights
• Estimation of conversion and temperature profiles within a microscale calorimeter
• Combination of CFD simulations and reactor performance estimation
• Approach was tested for highly oxidation of sodium thiosulfate
• Estimated conversion and temperature profiles are in good agreement with experimental data
Graphical abstract
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3
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Measuring Kinetics in Flow Using Isoperibolic Flow Calorimetry. REACTIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/reactions3040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous flow calorimeters are a promising tool in process development and safety engineering, particularly for flow chemistry applications. An isoperibolic flow calorimeter is presented for the characterization of exothermic reactions. The calorimeter is adapted to commercially available plate microreactors made of glass and uses Seebeck elements to quantify the heat of reaction. For automation of calibration procedures and calorimetric measurements, the device is connected to a lab automation system. Reaction enthalpy of exothermic reactions is determined via an energy balance of the entire calorimeter. Characterization of reaction kinetics is carried out via a local balancing of the individual Seebeck elements without changing the experimental setup, while using the previous measurements and additional ones at higher flow rates. The calorimeter and the associated measurement procedures were tested with the oxidation of sodium thiosulfate using hydrogen peroxide. Reaction enthalpy was determined to be 594.3 ± 0.7 kJ mol−1, which is within the range of literature values.
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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Taylor CJ, Manson JA, Clemens G, Taylor BA, Chamberlain TW, Bourne RA. Modern advancements in continuous-flow aided kinetic analysis. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00467k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although kinetic analysis has traditionally been conducted in a batch vessel, continuous-flow aided kinetic analysis continues to swell in popularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J. Taylor
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jamie A. Manson
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Graeme Clemens
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Brian A. Taylor
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Thomas W. Chamberlain
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Richard A. Bourne
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Schrecker L, Dickhaut J, Holtze C, Staehle P, Vranceanu M, Hellgardt K, Hii KK(M. Discovery of unexpectedly complex reaction pathways for the Knorr pyrazole synthesis via transient flow. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00271j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic data for the Knorr pyrazole synthesis were acquired using transient flow methods, including a novel reactant stoichiometry ramping method, providing new insights into the mechanism, including autocatalysis and an unexpected intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linden Schrecker
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Joachim Dickhaut
- BASF SE, 38 Carl-Bosch-Straße, 67056, Ludwigshafen/Rhein, Germany
| | - Christian Holtze
- BASF SE, 38 Carl-Bosch-Straße, 67056, Ludwigshafen/Rhein, Germany
| | - Philipp Staehle
- BASF SE, 38 Carl-Bosch-Straße, 67056, Ludwigshafen/Rhein, Germany
| | - Marcel Vranceanu
- BASF SE, 38 Carl-Bosch-Straße, 67056, Ludwigshafen/Rhein, Germany
| | - Klaus Hellgardt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - King Kuok (Mimi) Hii
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
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Bieniek N, Inacker S, Kim HC, Hampp N. Cyclobutane-cleavage of anti-head-to-head coumarin and quinolinone homo- and cross-dimers via single- and two-photon-absorption photochemistry. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Breen CP, Nambiar AM, Jamison TF, Jensen KF. Ready, Set, Flow! Automated Continuous Synthesis and Optimization. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Florit F, Nambiar AMK, Breen CP, Jamison TF, Jensen KF. Design of dynamic trajectories for efficient and data-rich exploration of flow reaction design spaces. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00350j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sinusoidal variations of operative parameters in flow chemistry allows the fast exploration of chemical design spaces through inline measurements of an objective function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Florit
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Anirudh M. K. Nambiar
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christopher P. Breen
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy F. Jamison
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Ładosz A, Kuhnle C, Jensen KF. Characterization of reaction enthalpy and kinetics in a microscale flow platform. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00304b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We report an isothermal flow calorimeter for characterization of reaction enthalpy and kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Ładosz
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Christina Kuhnle
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
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