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Kumar R, Dohi T, Zhdankin VV. Organohypervalent heterocycles. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4786-4827. [PMID: 38545658 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01055k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
This review summarizes the structural and synthetic aspects of heterocyclic molecules incorporating an atom of a hypervalent main-group element. The term "hypervalent" has been suggested for derivatives of main-group elements with more than eight valence electrons, and the concept of hypervalency is commonly used despite some criticism from theoretical chemists. The significantly higher thermal stability of hypervalent heterocycles compared to their acyclic analogs adds special features to their chemistry, particularly for bromine and iodine. Heterocyclic compounds of elements with double bonds are not categorized as hypervalent molecules owing to the zwitterionic nature of these bonds, resulting in the conventional 8-electron species. This review is focused on hypervalent heterocyclic derivatives of nonmetal main-group elements, such as boron, silicon, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, bromine, chlorine, iodine(III) and iodine(V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, J C Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, NH-2, Sector-6, Mathura Road, Faridabad, 121006, Haryana, India.
| | - Toshifumi Dohi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
| | - Viktor V Zhdankin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1038 University Drive, 126 HCAMS University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, USA.
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Kesel AJ. Novel Antineoplastic Inducers of Mitochondrial Apoptosis in Human Cancer Cells. Molecules 2024; 29:914. [PMID: 38398665 PMCID: PMC10892984 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
I propose a new strategy to suppress human cancer completely with two entirely new drug compounds exploiting cancer's Warburg effect characterized by a defective mitochondrial aerobic respiration, substituted by cytosolic aerobic fermentation/glycolysis of D-(+)-glucose into L-(+)-lactic acid. The two essentially new drugs, compound 1 [P(op)T(est)162] and compound 3 (PT167), represent new highly symmetric, four-bladed propeller-shaped polyammonium cations. The in vitro antineoplastic highly efficacious drug compound 3 represents a covalent combination of compound 1 and compound 2 (PT166). The intermediate drug compound 2 is an entirely new colchic(in)oid derivative synthesized from colchicine. Compound 2's structure was determined using X-ray crystallography. Compound 1 and compound 3 were active in vitro versus 60 human cancer cell lines of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Developmental Therapeutics Program (DTP) 60-cancer cell testing. Compound 1 and compound 3 not only stop the growth of cancer cells to ±0% (cancerostatic effect) but completely kill nearly all 60 cancer cells to a level of almost -100% (tumoricidal effect). Compound 1 and compound 3 induce mitochondrial apoptosis (under cytochrome c release) in all cancer cells tested by (re)activating (in most cancers impaired) p53 function, which results in a decrease in cancer's dysregulated cyclin D1 and an induction of the cell cycle-halting cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21Waf1/p21Cip1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas J Kesel
- Independent Researcher, Chammünsterstr. 47, D-81827 München, Bavaria, Germany
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3
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Vasiļevska A, Slanina T. Structure-property-function relationships of stabilized and persistent C- and N-based triaryl radicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:252-264. [PMID: 38086625 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05706b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Structurally similar C- and N-based triaryl radicals are among the most commonly used structural motifs in stable, open-shell, organic molecules. The application of such species is associated with their stability, properties and structural design. This study summarizes the basic stabilization and persistence principles of C- and N-based triaryl radicals and highlights recent advances in design strategies of radicals tailored for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vasiļevska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Charles University, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Yamamoto Y, Shi Y, Masui T, Saito D, Inoue T, Sato H, Dohi C, Muneta E, Shang R, Nakamoto M. Synthesis and Characterization of Hypervalent Pentacoordinate Carbon Compounds Bearing a 7-6-7-Ring Skeleton. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203162. [PMID: 36372771 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To stabilize SN 2 transition state-like penta-coordinate carbon species, triaryl-substituted cationic carbon compounds bearing a moderately flexible 7-6-7-ring skeleton with sulfur donors were synthesized and characterized. Electronic effects of para substituents (R=Cl, F, H, CH3 , SMe, OMe) of the two equatorial aryl groups bound to the cationic central carbon were investigated systematically along with a planar bidentate thioxanthene derivative. X-ray analysis on their solid-state structures showed that the parent (R=H), chloro-, fluoro- and methyl-derivatives were tetracoordinate carbon (sulfonium) structures, while the p-MeO and thioxanthenyl system were pentacoordinate carbocation structures. The Hammett substituent constants for the para substituents (σp + ) correlates well with the bonding in these compounds. The methylthio-derivative with intermediate Hammett substituent constants (p-MeS; σp + =-0.60) showed a tetracooridnate solid-state structure, though solution UV-Vis properties suggested the presence of a penta-coordinate structure. These findings amount to the first unambiguous solution evidence of the hypervalent apical 3c-4e interactions in pentacoordinate carbon compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohsuke Yamamoto
- Graduated School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yuan Shi
- Graduated School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takashi Masui
- Graduated School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Daigo Saito
- Graduated School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Inoue
- Graduated School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Hitomi Sato
- Graduated School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Chisato Dohi
- Graduated School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Emiko Muneta
- Graduated School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Rong Shang
- Graduated School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nakamoto
- Graduated School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
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Roy M, Walton JH, Fettinger JC, Balch AL. Direct Crystallization of Diamine Radical Cations: Carbon‐Nitrogen Bond Formation from the Reaction of Triphenylamine with TiCl
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, TiBr
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, or SnCl
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versus Carbon‐Carbon Bond Formation with SbCl
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**. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104631. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mrittika Roy
- Department of Chemistry, NMR Facility University of California Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Walton
- Department of Chemistry, NMR Facility University of California Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - James C. Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, NMR Facility University of California Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Alan L. Balch
- Department of Chemistry, NMR Facility University of California Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616 USA
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