1
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Necelis M, McDermott C, Belcher Dufrisne M, Baryiames C, Columbus L. Solution NMR investigations of integral membrane proteins: Challenges and innovations. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 82:102654. [PMID: 37542910 PMCID: PMC10529709 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Compared to soluble protein counterparts, the understanding of membrane protein stability, solvent interactions, and function are not as well understood. Recent advancements in labeling, expression, and stabilization of membrane proteins have enabled solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate membrane protein conformational states, ligand binding, lipid interactions, stability, and folding. This review highlights these advancements and new understandings and provides examples of recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Necelis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Connor McDermott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Linda Columbus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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2
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Pham P, Hilty C. Biomolecular interactions studied by low-field NMR using SABRE hyperpolarization. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10258-10263. [PMID: 37772094 PMCID: PMC10530938 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02365f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that low-field nuclear magnetic resonance provides a means for measuring biomacromolecular interactions without requiring a superconducting, or even a permanent magnet. A small molecule, 5-fluoropyridine-3-carboximidamide, is designed to be a specific ligand for the trypsin protein, while containing a fluorine atom as a nuclear spin hyperpolarizable label. With hyperpolarization by the parahydrogen based signal amplification by the reversible exchange method, fluorine NMR signals are detectable in the measurement field of 0.85 mT of an electromagnet, at a concentration of less than 100 μM. As a weak ligand for the protein, the hyperpolarized molecule can serve as a reporter for measuring the binding of other ligands of interest, illustrated by the determination of the dissociation constant KD of benzamidine from changes in the observed R2 relaxation rates. A signal enhancement of more than 106 compared to Boltzmann polarization at the measurement field indicates that this experiment is not feasible without prepolarization. The extended magnetic field range for the measurement of biomolecular interactions under near physiological conditions, with a protein concentration on the order of 10 μM or less, provides a new option for screening of ligand binding, measurement of protein-protein interactions, and measurement of molecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierce Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Christian Hilty
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
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3
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MacCulloch K, Browning A, TomHon P, Lehmkuhl S, Chekmenev EY, Theis T. Parahydrogen in Reversible Exchange Induces Long-Lived 15N Hyperpolarization of Anticancer Drugs Anastrozole and Letrozole. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7822-7829. [PMID: 37163687 PMCID: PMC10939174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization modalities overcome the sensitivity limitations of NMR and unlock new applications. Signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) is a particularly cheap, quick, and robust hyperpolarization modality. Here, we employ SABRE for simultaneous chemical exchange of parahydrogen and nitrile-containing anticancer drugs (letrozole or anastrozole) to enhance 15N polarization. Distinct substrates require unique optimal parameter sets, including temperature, magnetic field, or a shaped magnetic field profile. The fine tuning of these parameters for individual substrates is demonstrated here to maximize 15N polarization. After optimization, including the usage of pulsed μT fields, the 15N nuclei on common anticancer drugs, letrozole and anastrozole, can be polarized within 1-2 min. The hyperpolarization can exceed 10%, corresponding to 15N signal enhancement of over 280,000-fold at a clinically relevant magnetic field of 1 T. This sensitivity gain enables polarization studies at naturally abundant 15N enrichment level (0.4%). Moreover, the nitrile 15N sites enable long-lasting polarization storage with [15N]T1 over 9 min, enabling signal detection from a single hyperpolarization cycle for over 30 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keilian MacCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Austin Browning
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Patrick TomHon
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Sören Lehmkuhl
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
- Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, MI 48202, United States
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 14, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Thomas Theis
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
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4
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Saul P, Schröder L, Schmidt AB, Hövener JB. Nanomaterials for hyperpolarized nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023:e1879. [PMID: 36781151 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials play an important role in the development and application of hyperpolarized materials for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this context they can not only act as hyperpolarized materials which are directly imaged but also play a role as carriers for hyperpolarized gases and catalysts for para-hydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) to generate hyperpolarized substrates for metabolic imaging. Those three application possibilities are discussed, focusing on carbon-based materials for the directly imaged particles. An overview over recent developments in all three fields is given, including the early developments in each field as well as important steps towards applications in MRI, such as making the initially developed methods more biocompatible and first imaging experiments with spatial resolution in either phantoms or in vivo studies. Focusing on the important features nanomaterials need to display to be applicable in the MRI context, a wide range of different approaches to that extent is covered, giving the reader a general idea of different possibilities as well as recent developments in those different fields of hyperpolarized magnetic resonance. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Saul
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Leif Schröder
- Division of Translational Molecular Imaging, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas B Schmidt
- Intergrative Biosciences (Ibio), Department of Chemistry, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Medical Physics, Department of Radiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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5
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Epasto LM, Honegger P, Che K, Kozak F, Jörg F, Schröder C, Kurzbach D. Nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy in hyperpolarized water - chemical vs. magnetic exchange. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11661-11664. [PMID: 36169286 PMCID: PMC9578288 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03735a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (dDNP) is a versatile hyperpolarization technique to boost signal intensities in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The possibility to dissolve biomolecules in a hyperpolarized aqueous buffer under mild conditions has recently widened the scope of NMR by dDNP. The water-to-target hyperpolarization transfer mechanisms remain yet unclear, not least due to an often-encountered dilemma of dDNP experiments: The strongly enhanced signal intensities are accompanied by limited structural information as data acquisition is restricted to short time series of only one-dimensional spectra or a single correlation spectrum. Tackling this challenge, we combine dDNP with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and predictions of cross-relaxation rates to unravel the spin dynamics of magnetization flow in hyperpolarized solutions. How to boost NMR signals of non-labile protons in hyperpolarized solutions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Martina Epasto
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Währingerstr. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria. .,University of Vienna, Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), Währingerstr. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Honegger
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Computational Biological Chemistry, Währingerstr. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kateryna Che
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Währingerstr. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Fanny Kozak
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Währingerstr. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria. .,University of Vienna, Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), Währingerstr. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Jörg
- University of Vienna, Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), Währingerstr. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Computational Biological Chemistry, Währingerstr. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Schröder
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Computational Biological Chemistry, Währingerstr. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dennis Kurzbach
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biological Chemistry, Währingerstr. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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6
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Cheung E, Xia Y, Caporini MA, Gilmore JL. Tools shaping drug discovery and development. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 3:031301. [PMID: 38505278 PMCID: PMC10903431 DOI: 10.1063/5.0087583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Spectroscopic, scattering, and imaging methods play an important role in advancing the study of pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical therapies. The tools more familiar to scientists within industry and beyond, such as nuclear magnetic resonance and fluorescence spectroscopy, serve two functions: as simple high-throughput techniques for identification and purity analysis, and as potential tools for measuring dynamics and structures of complex biological systems, from proteins and nucleic acids to membranes and nanoparticle delivery systems. With the expansion of commercial small-angle x-ray scattering instruments into the laboratory setting and the accessibility of industrial researchers to small-angle neutron scattering facilities, scattering methods are now used more frequently in the industrial research setting, and probe-less time-resolved small-angle scattering experiments are now able to be conducted to truly probe the mechanism of reactions and the location of individual components in complex model or biological systems. The availability of atomic force microscopes in the past several decades enables measurements that are, in some ways, complementary to the spectroscopic techniques, and wholly orthogonal in others, such as those related to nanomechanics. As therapies have advanced from small molecules to protein biologics and now messenger RNA vaccines, the depth of biophysical knowledge must continue to serve in drug discovery and development to ensure quality of the drug, and the characterization toolbox must be opened up to adapt traditional spectroscopic methods and adopt new techniques for unraveling the complexities of the new modalities. The overview of the biophysical methods in this review is meant to showcase the uses of multiple techniques for different modalities and present recent applications for tackling particularly challenging situations in drug development that can be solved with the aid of fluorescence spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and small-angle scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Cheung
- Moderna, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yan Xia
- Moderna, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Marc A. Caporini
- Moderna, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jamie L. Gilmore
- Moderna, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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7
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Yang H, Li S, Mickles CA, Guzman-Luna V, Sugisaki K, Thompson CM, Dang HH, Cavagnero S. Selective Isotope Labeling and LC-Photo-CIDNP Enable NMR Spectroscopy at Low-Nanomolar Concentration. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11608-11619. [PMID: 35700317 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool to investigate molecular structure and dynamics. The poor sensitivity of this technique, however, limits its ability to tackle questions requiring dilute samples. Low-concentration photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (LC-photo-CIDNP) is an optically enhanced NMR technology capable of addressing the above challenge by increasing the detection limit of aromatic amino acids in solution up to 1000-fold, either in isolation or within proteins. Here, we show that the absence of NMR-active nuclei close to a magnetically active site of interest (e.g., the structurally diagnostic 1Hα-13Cα pair of amino acids) is expected to significantly increase LC-photo-CIDNP hyperpolarization. Then, we exploit the spin-diluted tryptophan isotopolog Trp-α-13C-β,β,2,4,5,6,7-d7 and take advantage of the above prediction to experimentally achieve a ca 4-fold enhancement in NMR sensitivity over regular LC-photo-CIDNP. This advance enables the rapid (within seconds) detection of 20 nM concentrations or the molecule of interest, corresponding to a remarkable 3 ng detection limit. Finally, the above Trp isotopolog is amenable to incorporation within proteins and is readily detectable at a 1 μM concentration in complex cell-like media, including Escherichia coli cell-free extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanming Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Siyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Clayton A Mickles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Valeria Guzman-Luna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kenji Sugisaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.,JST PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Clayton M Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Hung H Dang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Silvia Cavagnero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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8
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Pham P, Mandal R, Qi C, Hilty C. Interfacing Liquid State Hyperpolarization Methods with NMR Instrumentation. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE OPEN 2022; 10-11:100052. [PMID: 35530721 PMCID: PMC9070690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmro.2022.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Advances in liquid state hyperpolarization methods have enabled new applications of high-resolution NMR spectroscopy. Utilizing strong signal enhancements from hyperpolarization allows performing NMR spectroscopy at low concentration, or with high time resolution. Making use of the high, but rapidly decaying hyperpolarization in the liquid state requires new techniques to interface hyperpolarization equipment with liquid state NMR spectrometers. This article highlights rapid injection, high resolution NMR spectroscopy with hyperpolarization produced by the techniques of dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (D-DNP) and para-hydrogen induced polarization (PHIP). These are popular, albeit not the only methods to produce high polarization levels for liquid samples. Gas and liquid driven sample injection techniques are compatible with both of these hyperpolarization methods. The rapid sample injection techniques are combined with adapted NMR experiments working in a single, or small number of scans. They expand the application of liquid state hyperpolarization to spins with comparably short relaxation times, provide enhanced control over sample conditions, and allow for mixing experiments to study reactions in real time.
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9
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Hilty C, Kurzbach D, Frydman L. Hyperpolarized water as universal sensitivity booster in biomolecular NMR. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:1621-1657. [PMID: 35546640 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00693-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is the only method to access the structural dynamics of biomolecules at high (atomistic) resolution in their native solution state. However, this method's low sensitivity has two important consequences: (i) typically experiments have to be performed at high concentrations that increase sensitivity but are not physiological, and (ii) signals have to be accumulated over long periods, complicating the determination of interaction kinetics on the order of seconds and impeding studies of unstable systems. Both limitations are of equal, fundamental relevance: non-native conditions are of limited pharmacological relevance, and the function of proteins, enzymes and nucleic acids often relies on their interaction kinetics. To overcome these limitations, we have developed applications that involve 'hyperpolarized water' to boost signal intensities in NMR of proteins and nucleic acids. The technique includes four stages: (i) preparation of the biomolecule in partially deuterated buffers, (ii) preparation of 'hyperpolarized' water featuring enhanced 1H NMR signals via cryogenic dynamic nuclear polarization, (iii) sudden melting of the cryogenic pellet and dissolution of the protein or nucleic acid in the hyperpolarized water (enabling spontaneous exchanges of protons between water and target) and (iv) recording signal-amplified NMR spectra targeting either labile 1H or neighboring 15N/13C nuclei in the biomolecule. Water in the ensuing experiments is used as a universal 'hyperpolarization' agent, rendering the approach versatile and applicable to any biomolecule possessing labile hydrogens. Thus, questions can be addressed, ranging from protein and RNA folding problems to resolving structure-function relationships of intrinsically disordered proteins to investigating membrane interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hilty
- Chemistry Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Dennis Kurzbach
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute for Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lucio Frydman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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10
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Dai D, Wang X, Liu Y, Yang XL, Glaubitz C, Denysenkov V, He X, Prisner T, Mao J. Room-temperature dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced NMR spectroscopy of small biological molecules in water. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6880. [PMID: 34824218 PMCID: PMC8616939 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful and popular technique for probing the molecular structures, dynamics and chemical properties. However the conventional NMR spectroscopy is bottlenecked by its low sensitivity. Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) boosts NMR sensitivity by orders of magnitude and resolves this limitation. In liquid-state this revolutionizing technique has been restricted to a few specific non-biological model molecules in organic solvents. Here we show that the carbon polarization in small biological molecules, including carbohydrates and amino acids, can be enhanced sizably by in situ Overhauser DNP (ODNP) in water at room temperature and at high magnetic field. An observed connection between ODNP 13C enhancement factor and paramagnetic 13C NMR shift has led to the exploration of biologically relevant heterocyclic compound indole. The QM/MM MD simulation underscores the dynamics of intermolecular hydrogen bonds as the driving force for the scalar ODNP in a long-living radical-substrate complex. Our work reconciles results obtained by DNP spectroscopy, paramagnetic NMR and computational chemistry and provides new mechanistic insights into the high-field scalar ODNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danhua Dai
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
- College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310023, China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Clemens Glaubitz
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Vasyl Denysenkov
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Xiao He
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Thomas Prisner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jiafei Mao
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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11
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Qi C, Wang Y, Hilty C. Application of Relaxation Dispersion of Hyperpolarized 13 C Spins to Protein-Ligand Binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24018-24021. [PMID: 34468077 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear spin relaxation dispersion parameters are proposed as indicators of the binding mode of a ligand to a protein. Hyperpolarization by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (D-DNP) provided a 13 C signal enhancement between 3000-6000 for the ligand 4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene-1-carboximidamide binding to trypsin. The measurement of 13 C R2 relaxation dispersion was enabled without isotope enrichment, using a series of single-scan Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill experiments with variable refocusing delays. The magnitude in dispersion for the spins of the ligand is correlated to the position with respect to the salt bridge between protein and the amidine group of the ligand, indicating the ligand binding orientation. Hyperpolarized relaxation dispersion is an alternative to chemical shift or NOE measurements for determining ligand binding modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Qi
- Chemistry Department, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yunyi Wang
- Chemistry Department, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Christian Hilty
- Chemistry Department, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA
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12
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Qi C, Wang Y, Hilty C. Application of Relaxation Dispersion of Hyperpolarized
13
C Spins to Protein–Ligand Binding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Qi
- Chemistry Department Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX USA
| | - Yunyi Wang
- Chemistry Department Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX USA
| | - Christian Hilty
- Chemistry Department Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX USA
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13
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Mandal R, Pham P, Hilty C. Characterization of protein-ligand interactions by SABRE. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12950-12958. [PMID: 34745525 PMCID: PMC8515190 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03404a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear spin hyperpolarization through signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE), the non-hydrogenative version of para-hydrogen induced polarization, is demonstrated to enhance sensitivity for the detection of biomacromolecular interactions. A target ligand for the enzyme trypsin includes the binding motif for the protein, and at a distant location a heterocyclic nitrogen atom for interacting with a SABRE polarization transfer catalyst. This molecule, 4-amidinopyridine, is hyperpolarized with 50% para-hydrogen to yield enhancement values ranging from −87 and −34 in the ortho and meta positions of the heterocyclic nitrogen, to −230 and −110, for different solution conditions. Ligand binding is identified by flow-NMR, in a two-step process that separately optimizes the polarization transfer in methanol while detecting the interaction in a predominantly aqueous medium. A single scan Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG) experiment identifies binding by the change in R2 relaxation rate. The SABRE hyperpolarization technique provides a cost effective means to enhance NMR of biological systems, for the identification of protein–ligand interactions and other applications. Protein–ligand binding interactions are characterized by the para-H2 based hyperpolarization technique SABRE and flow-NMR. Binding to the protein is identified by R2 change of a ligand first interacting with the Ir polarization transfer catalyst.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratnamala Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Pierce Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Christian Hilty
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
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14
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Elliott SJ, Stern Q, Ceillier M, El Daraï T, Cousin SF, Cala O, Jannin S. Practical dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 126-127:59-100. [PMID: 34852925 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review article intends to provide insightful advice for dissolution-dynamic nuclear polarization in the form of a practical handbook. The goal is to aid research groups to effectively perform such experiments in their own laboratories. Previous review articles on this subject have covered a large number of useful topics including instrumentation, experimentation, theory, etc. The topics to be addressed here will include tips for sample preparation and for checking sample health; a checklist to correctly diagnose system faults and perform general maintenance; the necessary mechanical requirements regarding sample dissolution; and aids for accurate, fast and reliable polarization quantification. Herein, the challenges and limitations of each stage of a typical dissolution-dynamic nuclear polarization experiment are presented, with the focus being on how to quickly and simply overcome some of the limitations often encountered in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Elliott
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs - UMR 5082 Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Quentin Stern
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs - UMR 5082 Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Morgan Ceillier
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs - UMR 5082 Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Théo El Daraï
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs - UMR 5082 Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Samuel F Cousin
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs - UMR 5082 Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier Cala
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs - UMR 5082 Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sami Jannin
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs - UMR 5082 Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.
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15
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Cañada FJ, Canales Á, Valverde P, de Toro BF, Martínez-Orts M, Phillips PO, Pereda A. Conformational and Structural characterization of carbohydrates and their interactions studied by NMR. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:1147-1172. [PMID: 34225601 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210705154046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates, either free or as glycans conjugated with other biomolecules, participate in many essential biological processes. Their apparent simplicity in terms of chemical functionality hides an extraordinary diversity and structural complexity. Deeply deciphering at the atomic level their structures is essential to understand their biological function and activities, but it is still a challenging task in need of complementary approaches and no generalized procedures are available to address the study of such complex, natural glycans. The versatility of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) often makes it the preferred choice to study glycans and carbohydrates in solution media. The most basic NMR parameters, namely chemical shifts, coupling constants and nuclear Overhauser effects, allow defining short or repetitive chain sequences and characterize their structures and local geometries either in the free state or when interacting with other biomolecules, rendering additional information on the molecular recognition processes. The increased accessibility to carbohydrate molecules extensively or selectively labeled with 13C boosts the resolution and detail that analyzed glycan structures can reach. In turn, structural information derived from NMR, complemented with molecular modeling and theoretical calculations can also provide dynamic information on the conformational flexibility of carbohydrate structures. Furthermore, using partially oriented media or paramagnetic perturbations, it has been possible to introduce additional long-range observables rendering structural information on longer and branched glycan chains. In this review, we provide examples of these studies and an overview of the recent and most relevant NMR applications in the glycobiology field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Cañada
- Structural and Chemical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Canales
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. Complutense s/n, C.P. 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Valverde
- Structural and Chemical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernández de Toro
- Structural and Chemical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Martínez-Orts
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. Complutense s/n, C.P. 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola Oquist Phillips
- Structural and Chemical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaia Pereda
- Structural and Chemical Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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16
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Abhyankar N, Szalai V. Challenges and Advances in the Application of Dynamic Nuclear Polarization to Liquid-State NMR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:5171-5190. [PMID: 33960784 PMCID: PMC9871957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful method to study the molecular structure and dynamics of materials. The inherently low sensitivity of NMR spectroscopy is a consequence of low spin polarization. Hyperpolarization of a spin ensemble is defined as a population difference between spin states that far exceeds what is expected from the Boltzmann distribution for a given temperature. Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) can overcome the relatively low sensitivity of NMR spectroscopy by using a paramagnetic matrix to hyperpolarize a nuclear spin ensemble. Application of DNP to NMR can result in sensitivity gains of up to four orders of magnitude compared to NMR without DNP. Although DNP NMR is now more routinely utilized for solid-state (ss) NMR spectroscopy, it has not been exploited to the same degree for liquid-state samples. This Review will consider challenges and advances in the application of DNP NMR to liquid-state samples. The Review is organized into four sections: (i) mechanisms of DNP NMR relevant to hyperpolarization of liquid samples; (ii) applications of liquid-state DNP NMR; (iii) available detection schemes for liquid-state samples; and (iv) instrumental challenges and outlook for liquid-state DNP NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Abhyankar
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA,National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA,Corresponding authors: ,
| | - Veronika Szalai
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA,Corresponding authors: ,
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17
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Smola M, Gutten O, Dejmek M, Kožíšek M, Evangelidis T, Tehrani ZA, Novotná B, Nencka R, Birkuš G, Rulíšek L, Boura E. Ligand Strain and Its Conformational Complexity Is a Major Factor in the Binding of Cyclic Dinucleotides to STING Protein. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10172-10178. [PMID: 33616279 PMCID: PMC8251555 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
STING (stimulator of interferon genes) is a key regulator of innate immunity that has recently been recognized as a promising drug target. STING is activated by cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) which eventually leads to expression of type I interferons and other cytokines. Factors underlying the affinity of various CDN analogues are poorly understood. Herein, we correlate structural biology, isothermal calorimetry (ITC) and computational modeling to elucidate factors contributing to binding of six CDNs-three pairs of natural (ribo) and fluorinated (2'-fluororibo) 3',3'-CDNs. X-ray structural analyses of six {STING:CDN} complexes did not offer any explanation for the different affinities of the studied ligands. ITC showed entropy/enthalpy compensation up to 25 kcal mol-1 for this set of similar ligands. The higher affinities of fluorinated analogues are explained with help of computational methods by smaller loss of entropy upon binding and by smaller strain (free) energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Smola
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCBInstitute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesFlemingovo náměstí 216610PragueCzech Republic
| | - Ondrej Gutten
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCBInstitute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesFlemingovo náměstí 216610PragueCzech Republic
| | - Milan Dejmek
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCBInstitute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesFlemingovo náměstí 216610PragueCzech Republic
| | - Milan Kožíšek
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCBInstitute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesFlemingovo náměstí 216610PragueCzech Republic
| | - Thomas Evangelidis
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCBInstitute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesFlemingovo náměstí 216610PragueCzech Republic
| | - Zahra Aliakbar Tehrani
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCBInstitute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesFlemingovo náměstí 216610PragueCzech Republic
| | - Barbora Novotná
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCBInstitute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesFlemingovo náměstí 216610PragueCzech Republic
| | - Radim Nencka
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCBInstitute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesFlemingovo náměstí 216610PragueCzech Republic
| | - Gabriel Birkuš
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCBInstitute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesFlemingovo náměstí 216610PragueCzech Republic
| | - Lubomír Rulíšek
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCBInstitute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesFlemingovo náměstí 216610PragueCzech Republic
| | - Evzen Boura
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCBInstitute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of SciencesFlemingovo náměstí 216610PragueCzech Republic
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18
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Smola M, Gutten O, Dejmek M, Kožíšek M, Evangelidis T, Tehrani ZA, Novotná B, Nencka R, Birkuš G, Rulíšek L, Boura E. Ligand Strain and Its Conformational Complexity Is a Major Factor in the Binding of Cyclic Dinucleotides to STING Protein. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Smola
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo náměstí 2 16610 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Gutten
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo náměstí 2 16610 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dejmek
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo náměstí 2 16610 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Milan Kožíšek
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo náměstí 2 16610 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Evangelidis
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo náměstí 2 16610 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Zahra Aliakbar Tehrani
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo náměstí 2 16610 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Novotná
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo náměstí 2 16610 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Radim Nencka
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo náměstí 2 16610 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Gabriel Birkuš
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo náměstí 2 16610 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Rulíšek
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo náměstí 2 16610 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Boura
- Gilead Sciences Research Centre at IOCB Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo náměstí 2 16610 Prague Czech Republic
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19
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Kim Y, Kubena R, Axtell J, Samouei H, Pham P, Stauber JM, Spokoyny AM, Hilty C. Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Using 3D Aromatic Boron Cluster Radicals. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:13-18. [PMID: 33296205 PMCID: PMC8078168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A set of two dodecaborate [B12(OR)12]1- radical cluster anions containing a dense layer of fluorinated end-groups provides nuclear spin hyperpolarization via the dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (D-DNP) technique. We show that these clusters can enhance 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals. Importantly, given the inherent radical delocalization in dodecaborate-based clusters, these species are compatible with reactive compounds such as Lewis acids, providing ∼1000-2000 times of signal enhancement for B(C6F5)3 in liquid state NMR spectroscopy experiments at 9.4 Tesla. This observation suggests that 3D aromatic radicals can provide advantages over the conventional radical species that are currently used for DNP such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) by showing superior chemical compatibility. The ability to hyperpolarize reactive compounds using [B12(OR)12]1- cluster radicals opens up new applications of reaction monitoring by D-DNP NMR spectroscopy, including the observation of catalytically active species in complex reaction mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaewon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Present Addresses Y.K.: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Rebecca Kubena
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jonathan Axtell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- J.A.: The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674
| | - Hamidreza Samouei
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pierce Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Julia M. Stauber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Alexander M. Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Christian Hilty
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843
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20
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Wang Y, Hilty C. Amplification of Nuclear Overhauser Effect Signals by Hyperpolarization for Screening of Ligand Binding to Immobilized Target Proteins. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13718-13723. [PMID: 32897681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Immobilization of a target protein enhances the cross-relaxation rates for transfer of nuclear spin polarization but reduces the accessible target concentration. Hyperpolarization of ligand spins by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (D-DNP) is shown to increase sensitivity for observing the intraligand nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE). This effect, also known as the transferred NOE (trNOE), can be used for detection of binding and for obtaining binding-related structural information. The measurement of hyperpolarized trNOE signals is demonstrated for the ligand 4'-hydroxyazobenzene-2-carboxylic acid interacting with avidin protein immobilized on polystyrene beads. In a sample containing 63.5 μM ligands and 0.83 μM accessible protein binding sites, the signal enhancement provided by D-DNP leads to single-scan detection of the NOE buildup, despite that this signal peaks at only 2% of the total ligand signal. These buildup curves allow the confirmation of binding through a change in the sign of the NOE and the quantitative determination of cross-relaxation rates. The combination of the D-DNP technique and protein immobilization may facilitate the identification of intraligand NOEs in ligand screening for drug discovery. The same method may be applied to in vivo characterization of ligand interactions with cell surface proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Christian Hilty
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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