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La-Ongthong K, Chantarojsiri T, Soorukram D, Leowanawat P, Reutrakul V, Kuhakarn C. Electro-oxidative Methylation of 2-Isocyanobiaryls Using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as Carbon Source: Synthesis of 6-Methylphenanthridines. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400176. [PMID: 38489229 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
A benign electrochemical method to access 6-methylphenanthridines from 2-isocyanobiaryls using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as a methyl source is reported. The protocol operates at ambient temperature without the need for harmful methylating reagents. Mechanistic studies suggested that DMF delivered a methylene synthon, followed by reduction at the cathode and tautomerization. The method offers environmental benefits by avoiding metal-based reagents and harsh conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannika La-Ongthong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Teera Chantarojsiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Darunee Soorukram
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pawaret Leowanawat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Vichai Reutrakul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Chutima Kuhakarn
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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2
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Lunghi E, Ronco P, Della Negra F, Trucchi B, Verzini M, Merli D, Casali E, Kappe CO, Cantillo D, Zanoni G. Electrifying Friedel-Crafts Intramolecular Alkylation toward 1,1-Disubstituted Tetrahydronaphthalenes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:16783-16789. [PMID: 38032548 PMCID: PMC10729024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we successfully employed electrochemical conditions to promote a Hofer-Moest, intramolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation sequence. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions, employing carboxylic acids as starting materials. Notably, the electrochemical process performed in batch was adapted to a continuous flow electrolysis apparatus to provide a significant improvement. This catalyst-free, electrochemical approach produces an array of tetrahydronaphthalenes that could be used for API synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Lunghi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Pietro Ronco
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Daniele Merli
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Casali
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
- Center
for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz 8010, Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
- Center
for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Giuseppe Zanoni
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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3
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Yu J, Liu T, Sun W, Zhang Y. Electrochemical Decarboxylative Elimination of Carboxylic Acids to Alkenes. Org Lett 2023; 25:7816-7821. [PMID: 37870311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical strategy for the decarboxylative elimination of carboxylic acids to alkenes at room temperature has been developed. This mild and oxidant-free method provides a green alternative to traditional thermal decarboxylation reactions. Structurally diverse aliphatic carboxylic acids, including biologically active drugs, underwent smooth conversion to the corresponding alkenes in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiage Yu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Teng Liu
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Wanhao Sun
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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4
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Ma S, Guo Y, Liu L, Shi L, Lei X, Duan X, Jiao P. gem-Bromonitroalkane Involved Radical 1,2-Aryl Migration of α,α-Diaryl Allyl Alcohol TMS Ether via Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:4743-4756. [PMID: 36971723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
A mild and efficient coupling method concerning the reactions of gem-bromonitroalkanes with α,α-diaryl allyl alcohol trimethylsilyl ethers was reported. A cascade consisting of visible-light-induced generation of an α-nitroalkyl radical and a subsequent neophyl-type rearrangement was key to realize the coupling reactions. Structurally diverse α-aryl-γ-nitro ketones, especially those bearing a nitrocyclobutyl structure, were prepared in moderate to high yields, which could be converted into spirocyclic nitrones and imines.
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5
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Gu Q, Cheng Z, Qiu X, Zeng X. Recent Advances in the Electrochemical Functionalization of Isocyanides. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200177. [PMID: 36126178 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Isocyanides are well-known as efficient CO surrogates and C1 synthons in modern organic synthesis. Although tremendous efforts have been devoted to fully exploiting the reactivity of isocyanides, these transformations are primarily limited by their utilization of stoichiometric toxic chemical oxidants. With the recent resurgence of organic electrochemistry, which has considerably laid dormant over the past several decades, electrolysis has been identified as a green and powerful tool to enrich structural diversity by solely utilizing electric current as clean and inherently safe redox equivalents of stoichiometric chemical oxidants. In this regard, the unique reactivity of isocyanides has been studied in numerous electrochemical transformations. This review comprehensively highlights the most relevant progress in electrochemical strategies towards the functionalization of isocyanides up until June of 2022, with a focus on reaction outcomes and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, PR China
| | - Zhenfeng Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, PR China
| | - Xiaobao Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, PR China
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6
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Liu J, Hong Y, Liu YL, Tan JY, Liu HM, Dai GL, Chen SL, Liu T, Li JH, Tang S. Nickel-Catalyzed Radical Heck-Type C(sp 3)–C(sp 2) Coupling Cascades Enabled by Bromoalkane-Directed 1,4-Aryl Shift: Access to Olefinated Arylalanines. Org Lett 2022; 24:8192-8196. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China
| | - Yu Hong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China
| | - Yin-Ling Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China
| | - Jing-Ying Tan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China
| | - Hao-Miao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China
| | - Gang-Liang Dai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China
| | - Shi-Lu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ting Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shi Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, China
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7
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Wang Y, Li L, Fu N. Electrophotochemical Decarboxylative Azidation of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liubo Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Niankai Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Motiwala HF, Armaly AM, Cacioppo JG, Coombs TC, Koehn KRK, Norwood VM, Aubé J. HFIP in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12544-12747. [PMID: 35848353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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9
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Shennan BDA, Berheci D, Crompton JL, Davidson TA, Field JL, Williams BA, Dixon DJ. Branching out: redox strategies towards the synthesis of acyclic α-tertiary ethers. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5878-5929. [PMID: 35770619 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00669j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Acyclic α-tertiary ethers represent a highly prevalent functionality, common to high-value bioactive molecules, such as pharmaceuticals and natural products, and feature as crucial synthetic handles in their construction. As such their synthesis has become an ever-more important goal in synthetic chemistry as the drawbacks of traditional strong base- and acid-mediated etherifications have become more limiting. In recent years, the generation of highly reactive intermediates via redox approaches has facilitated the synthesis of highly sterically-encumbered ethers and accordingly these strategies have been widely applied in α-tertiary ether synthesis. This review summarises and appraises the state-of-the-art in the application of redox strategies enabling acyclic α-tertiary ether synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D A Shennan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Diana Berheci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Jessica L Crompton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Timothy A Davidson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Joshua L Field
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Benedict A Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Darren J Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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10
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Li S, Li X, Wang T, Yang Q, Ouyang Z, Chen J, Zhai H, Li X, Cheng B. Electrochemical Decarboxylative Coupling of N‐Substituted Glycines under Air: Access to C3‐Aminomethylated Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hongbin Zhai
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School CHINA
| | - Xiao Li
- University of Science and Technology Liaoning CHINA
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11
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Liu W, Hao L, Zhang J, Zhu T. Progress in the Electrochemical Reactions of Sulfonyl Compounds. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102557. [PMID: 35174969 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis has recently attracted more and more attention due to its great potential to replace chemical oxidants or reductants in molecule-electrode electron transfer. Sulfonyl compounds such as sulfonyl hydrazides, sulfinic acids (and their salts), sulfonyl halides have been discovered as practical precursors of several radicals. As electrochemical redox reactions can provide green and efficient pathways for the activation of sulfonyl compounds, studies for electrosynthesis have rapidly increased. Several types of radicals can be generated from anodic oxidation or cathodic reduction of sulfonyl compounds and can initiate fluoroalkylation, benzenesulfonylation, cyclization or rearrangement. In this Review, we summarize the electrosynthesis developments involving sulfonyl compounds mainly in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangsheng Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Lin Hao
- Division of Chemistry & Mathematical Science, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Junmin Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Tingshun Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
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12
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Zhang C, Zhou Y, Zhao Z, Xue W, Gu L. An electrocatalytic three-component reaction for the synthesis of phosphoroselenoates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13951-13954. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05570h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoroselenoates are important organic molecules because they have found widespread applications in many fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Yaqin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhiheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lijun Gu
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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13
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Wang ZH, Wei L, Jiao KJ, Ma C, Mei TS. Nickel-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Cross-Coupling of Indole-3-acetic Acids with Aryl Bromides by Convergent Paired Electrolysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8202-8205. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02641d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, nickel-catalyzed decarboxylative cross-coupling of indole-3-acetic acids with aryl bromides by convergent paired electrolysis was developed in an undivided cell. This protocol features good functional group tolerance, chemical redox agent-...
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14
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Wang D, Wan Z, Zhang H, Alhumade H, Yi H, Lei A. Electrochemical Reductive Arylation of Nitroarenes with Arylboronic Acids. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:5399-5404. [PMID: 34581006 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of diarylamine is extremely important in organic chemistry. Herein, a novel electrochemical reductive arylation of nitroarenes with arylboronic acids was developed. A variety of diarylamines were synthesized without the need for transition-metal catalysts. The reaction could be scaled up efficiently in a flow cell and several derivatization reactions were carried out smoothly. Cyclic voltammetry experiments and mechanism studies showed that acetonitrile, formic acid, and triethyl phosphite all played a role in promoting this reductive arylation transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohua Wan
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Hesham Alhumade
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jdedah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power Systems, King Abdulaziz University, Jdedah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hong Yi
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
- King Abdulaziz University, Jdedah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Wu X, Ma Z, Feng T, Zhu C. Radical-mediated rearrangements: past, present, and future. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11577-11613. [PMID: 34661216 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00529d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Rearrangement reactions, one of the most significant transformations in organic chemistry, play an irreplaceable role in improving synthetic efficiency and molecular complexity. Concomitant cleavage and reconstruction of chemical bonds can display the great artistry and the glamour of synthetic chemistry. Over the past century, ionic rearrangement reactions, in particular those involving cationic pathways, have represented most of the research. Alongside the renaissance of radical chemistry, radical-mediated rearrangements have recently seen a rapid increase of attention from the chemical community. Many new radical rearrangements that extensively reveal the migratory behaviour of functional groups have been unveiled in the last decade. This Review provides a comprehensive perspective on the area from the past to present achievements, and brings up the prospects that may inspire colleagues to develop more useful synthetic tools based on radical rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Zhigang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Tingting Feng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Chen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China. .,Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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16
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Tang S, Xu ZH, Liu T, Wang SW, Yu J, Liu J, Hong Y, Chen SL, He J, Li JH. Radical 1,4-Aryl Migration Enabled Remote Cross-Electrophile Coupling of α-Amino-β-Bromo Acid Esters with Aryl Bromides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21360-21367. [PMID: 34291545 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report an unprecedented, efficient nickel-catalysed radical relay for the remote cross-electrophile coupling of β-bromo-α-benzylamino acid esters with aryl bromides via 1,4-aryl migration/arylation cascades. β-Bromo-α-benzylamino acid esters are considered as unique molecular scaffolds allowing for aryl migration reactions, which are conceptually novel variants for the radical Truce-Smiles rearrangement. This reaction enables the formation of two new C(sp3 )-C(sp2 ) bonds using a bench-stable Ni/bipyridine/Zn system featuring a broad substrate scope and excellent diastereoselectivity, which provides an effective platform for the remote aryl group migration and arylation of amino acid esters via redox-neutral C(sp3 )-C(sp2 ) bond cleavage. Mechanistically, this cascade reaction is accomplished by combining two powerful catalytic cycles consisting of a cross-electrophile coupling and radical 1,4-aryl migration through the generation of C(sp3 )-centred radical intermediates from the homolysis of C(sp3 )-Br bonds and the switching of the transient alkyl radical into a robust α-aminoalkyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Ting Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Shuo-Wen Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Jian Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Yu Hong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Shi-Lu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jin He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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17
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Tang S, Xu Z, Liu T, Wang S, Yu J, Liu J, Hong Y, Chen S, He J, Li J. Radical 1,4‐Aryl Migration Enabled Remote Cross‐Electrophile Coupling of α‐Amino‐β‐Bromo Acid Esters with Aryl Bromides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jishou University Jishou 416000 China
| | - Zhen‐Hua Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jishou University Jishou 416000 China
| | - Ting Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jishou University Jishou 416000 China
| | - Shuo‐Wen Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jishou University Jishou 416000 China
| | - Jian Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jishou University Jishou 416000 China
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jishou University Jishou 416000 China
| | - Yu Hong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jishou University Jishou 416000 China
| | - Shi‐Lu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Jin He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jishou University Jishou 416000 China
| | - Jin‐Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
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18
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Yuan Y, Yang J, Lei A. Recent advances in electrochemical oxidative cross-coupling with hydrogen evolution involving radicals. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10058-10086. [PMID: 34369504 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00150g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative cross-coupling has developed into a robust method for carbon-carbon (C-C), carbon-heteroatom (C-X), and heteroatom-heteroatom (X-Y) bond formation. Despite considerable advances in this field, the traditional oxidative cross-coupling reactions usually employ stoichiometric amounts of chemical oxidants to clean up surplus electrons from substrates to form new chemical bonds. Organic electrosynthesis is recognized as an environmentally benign and particularly powerful synthetic platform. Recent advancements have revealed that radical-involved electrochemical oxidative cross-coupling reactions can be achieved under exogenous-oxidant-free conditions. This tutorial review provides an overview of the most recent developments in electrochemical oxidative cross-coupling with hydrogen evolution involving radicals. Emphasis is mainly placed on synthetic and mechanistic aspects. We hope that this tutorial review can promote the development of radical chemistry, electrochemistry, and oxidative cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yuan
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China.
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China.
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19
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Qian P, Liu J, Zhang Y, Wang Z. Tunable Electrosynthesis of Anthranilic Acid Derivatives via a C-C Bond Cleavage of Isatins. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16008-16015. [PMID: 34260858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A facile and direct electrocatalytic C-C bond cleavage/functionalization reaction of isatins was developed. With isatins as the amino-attached C1 sources, a variety of aminobenzoates, and aminobenzamides were synthesized in moderate to good yields under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qian
- School of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui 236037, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaojiao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui 236037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Technology & School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Technology & School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
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20
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Yang Z, Yu Y, Lai L, Zhou L, Ye K, Chen FE. Carbon dioxide cycle via electrocatalysis: Electrochemical carboxylation of CO2 and decarboxylative functionalization of carboxylic acids. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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21
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Sbei N, Aslam S, Ahmed N. Organic synthesis via Kolbe and related non-Kolbe electrolysis: an enabling electro-strategy. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00047k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the electrolysis process, where the anodic oxidation of carboxylic acids leads to decarboxylation, has been discussed to synthesize organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najoua Sbei
- Organic Chemistry Department
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
- Institute of Nanotechnology
| | - Samina Aslam
- Department of Chemistry
- The Women University Multan
- Multan 60000
- Pakistan
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- International Centre for Chemical and Biological Sciences
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry
- University of Karachi
- Karachi 75270
- Pakistan
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22
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Chen N, Ye Z, Zhang F. Recent progress on electrochemical synthesis involving carboxylic acids. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:5501-5520. [PMID: 34079974 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00420d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylic acids are not only essential sections of medicinal molecules, natural products and agrochemicals but also basic building blocks for organic synthesis. However, high temperature, expensive catalysts and excess oxidants are normally required for carboxylic acid group transformations. Therefore, more eco-friendly and efficient methods are urgently needed. Organic electrochemistry, as an environmentally friendly and sustainable synthetic method, can potentially avoid the above problems and is favored by more and more organic chemists. This review summarized the recent progress on the electrochemical synthesis of carboxylic acids to construct more complex compounds, emphasizing the development of electrosynthesis methodologies and mechanisms in order to attract more chemists to recognize the importance and applications of electrochemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Zenghui Ye
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Fengzhi Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
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