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Richard F, Clark P, Hannam A, Keenan T, Jean A, Arseniyadis S. Pd-Catalysed asymmetric allylic alkylation of heterocycles: a user's guide. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1936-1983. [PMID: 38206332 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00856h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This review provides an in-depth analysis of recent advances and strategies employed in the Pd-catalysed asymmetric allylic alkylation (Pd-AAA) of nucleophilic prochiral heterocycles. The review is divided into sections each focused on a specific family of heterocycle, where optimisation data and reaction scope have been carefully analysed in order to bring forward specific reactivity and selectivity trends. The review eventually opens on how computer-based technologies could be used to predict an ideally matched catalytic system for any given substrate. This user-guide targets chemists from all horizons interested in running a Pd-AAA reaction for the preparation of highly enantioenriched heterocyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Richard
- Queen Mary University of London, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, E1 4NS, London, UK.
| | - Paul Clark
- Queen Mary University of London, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, E1 4NS, London, UK.
| | - Al Hannam
- Queen Mary University of London, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, E1 4NS, London, UK.
| | - Thomas Keenan
- Queen Mary University of London, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, E1 4NS, London, UK.
| | - Alexandre Jean
- Industrial Research Centre, Oril Industrie, 13 rue Desgenétais, 76210, Bolbec, France
| | - Stellios Arseniyadis
- Queen Mary University of London, Department of Chemistry, Mile End Road, E1 4NS, London, UK.
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2
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Arachchi MK, Schaugaard RN, Schlegel HB, Nguyen HM. Scope and Mechanistic Probe into Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Trisubstituted-α-Tertiary Amines by Rhodium Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19642-19654. [PMID: 37651695 PMCID: PMC10581542 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric reactions that convert racemic mixtures into enantioenriched amines are of significant importance due to the prevalence of amines in pharmaceuticals, with about 60% of drug candidates containing tertiary amines. Although transition-metal catalyzed allylic substitution processes have been developed to provide access to enantioenriched α-disubstituted allylic amines, enantioselective synthesis of sterically demanding α-tertiary amines with a tetrasubstituted carbon stereocenter remains a major challenge. Herein, we report a chiral diene-ligated rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric substitution of racemic tertiary allylic trichloroacetimidates with aliphatic secondary amines to afford α-trisubstituted-α-tertiary amines. Mechanistic investigation is conducted using synergistic experimental and computational studies. Density functional theory calculations show that the chiral diene-ligated rhodium promotes the ionization of tertiary allylic substrates to form both anti and syn π-allyl intermediates. The anti π-allyl pathway proceeds through a higher energy than the syn π-allyl pathway. The rate of conversion of the less reactive π-allyl intermediate to the more reactive isomer via π-σ-π interconversion was faster than the rate of nucleophilic attack onto the more reactive intermediate. These data imply that the Curtin-Hammett conditions are met in the amination reaction, leading to dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation. Computational studies also show that hydrogen bonding interactions between β-oxygen of allylic substrate and amine-NH greatly assist the delivery of amine nucleophile onto more hindered internal carbon of the π-allyl intermediate. The synthetic utility of the current methodology is showcased by efficient preparation of α-trisubstituted-α-tertiary amines featuring pharmaceutically relevant secondary amine cores with good yields and excellent selectivities (branched-linear >99:1, up to 99% enantiomeric excess).
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhawee K Arachchi
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Richard N Schaugaard
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - H Bernhard Schlegel
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Hien M Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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3
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Wheatley E, Zanghi JM, Mason MM, Meek SJ. A Catalytic Method for the Enantioselective Synthesis of α-Quaternary Ketones, α-Ketoesters and Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215855. [PMID: 36595272 PMCID: PMC10121843 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A practical method for the efficient and enantioselective preparation of versatile ketones and aldehydes that contain an α-quaternary stereocenter is described. Reactions utilize simple carboxylic acid or ester starting materials, a monodentate chiral phosphine, and afford a variety of aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and alkyl-substituted ketone and aldehyde products in 25-94 % yield and 90 : 10 to >99 : 1 enantiomeric ratio. Reactions proceed by acyl substitution with in situ formed chiral allylic nucleophiles, and display selectivity and conversion dependence on a protic additive. The utility of the approach is demonstrated through several product transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Wheatley
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Joseph M Zanghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Miles M Mason
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
| | - Simon J Meek
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA
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Zhu Z, Hu J, Xie Z, Tang J, Le Z. Visible‐Light‐Enabled Photosensitizer‐ and Additive‐Free Decarboxylative Coupling Cyclization of Enaminone with
N
‐Arylglycine for 3‐Aminoalkyl Chromones. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi‐Qiang Zhu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry, Biology and Material Science East China University of Technology Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Jia‐Yu Hu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry, Biology and Material Science East China University of Technology Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Zong‐Bo Xie
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry, Biology and Material Science East China University of Technology Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Tang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule Department of Chemistry and chemical engineering Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang‐Gao Le
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry, Biology and Material Science East China University of Technology Nanchang 330013 People's Republic of China
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5
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Yu X, Zhang T, Liu J, Li X. Recent Advances in the Construction of Quaternary Stereocenters via Palladium-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1533-3085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPalladium-catalyzed decarboxylative asymmetric allylic alkylation (DAAA) provides an efficient and powerful strategy to construct quaternary stereocenters, which are widely present in biologically active natural products and approved drugs. In this short review, we summarize recent developments (since 2018) in the facile synthesis of quaternary stereocenters via DAAA methods. Several representative examples of the use of DAAA strategies for the total synthesis of complex natural products further demonstrate its synthetic potential in the realm of organic and medicinal chemistry.1 Introduction2 Construction of Quaternary Stereocenters via Palladium Catalyzed DAAA3 Construction of Quaternary Stereocenters via Pd-Catalyzed Interceptive DAAA4 Application of DAAA in Natural Product Synthesis5 Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University
| | - Jitian Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University
| | - Xiaoxun Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University
- Suzhou Institute of Shandong University
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Doyle MGJ, Gabbey AL, McNutt W, Lundgren RJ. Enantioselective Tertiary Electrophile (Hetero)Benzylation: Pd‐Catalyzed Substitution of Isoprene Monoxide with Arylacetates**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. J. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Alexis L. Gabbey
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Wesley McNutt
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Rylan J. Lundgren
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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Doyle MGJ, Gabbey AL, McNutt W, Lundgren RJ. Enantioselective Tertiary Electrophile (Hetero)Benzylation: Pd-Catalyzed Substitution of Isoprene Monoxide with Arylacetates*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26495-26499. [PMID: 34658132 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective generation of quaternary carbon centers remains challenging but is of growing importance for the preparation of functional molecules. Metal catalyzed allylic alkylations of tertiary electrophiles can provide access to these substructures but remain generally incompatible with organometallic benzyl nucleophiles. Here we demonstrate that electron-deficient arylacetates can serve as benzyl nucleophile surrogates to generate enantioenriched acyclic molecules containing a quaternary carbon center via a two-step substitution-decarboxylation process using isoprene monoxide. Products are often obtained in >90 % ee using a commercially available catalyst. An array of electron-withdrawing functional groups on the arylacetate moiety are tolerated. The lactone generated by the initial substitution reaction can be used in further stereoselective transformations to prepare molecules with acyclic vicinal quaternary stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G J Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Alexis L Gabbey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Wesley McNutt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Rylan J Lundgren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
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Jang DJ, Lee S, Lee J, Moon D, Rhee YH. Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Decarboxylative Addition of β-Keto Acids to Heteroatom-Substituted Allenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22166-22171. [PMID: 34278680 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Pd-catalyzed asymmetric addition reaction of β-keto acids to heteroatom-substituted allene is reported. This reaction generates β-substituted ketones in an asymmetric manner through a branch-selective decarboxylative allylation pathway. The reaction accommodates various alkoxyallenes as well as amidoallenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jin Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Cheongam-ro 77, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukhyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Cheongam-ro 77, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Cheongam-ro 77, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Moon
- Beamline Department, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Cheongam-ro 77, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
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9
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Jang D, Lee S, Lee J, Moon D, Rhee YH. Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Decarboxylative Addition of β‐Keto Acids to Heteroatom‐Substituted Allenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong‐Jin Jang
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Cheongam-ro 77, Nam-gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Sukhyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Cheongam-ro 77, Nam-gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Cheongam-ro 77, Nam-gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Moon
- Beamline Department Pohang Accelerator Laboratory 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Rhee
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Cheongam-ro 77, Nam-gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
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10
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Li X, Li P, Wang Z, Fu H, Dai Q. Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Decarboxylative Allylic Amination of Aroyloxycarbamates. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202104030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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