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Lei J, Xu ZG. Reaction strategies for the meta-selective functionalization of pyridine through dearomatization. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10861-5. [PMID: 38647989 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The pyridine moiety is a crucial structural component in various pharmaceuticals. While the direct ortho- and para-functionalization of pyridines is relatively straightforward, the meta-selective C-H functionalization remains a significant challenge. This review highlights dearomatization strategies as a key area of interest in expanding the application of meta-C-H functionalization of pyridines. Dearomatization enables the meta-functionalization through various catalytic methods that directly generate dearomatization products, and some products can be rearomatized back to pyridine derivatives. Furthermore, this article also covers the dearomatization of multiple positions of pyridine in the synthesis of polycyclic compounds. It offers a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in dearomatization at different positions of pyridine, aiming to provide a valuable resource for researchers in this field. It also highlights the advantages and limitations of existing technologies, aiming to inform a broader audience about this important field and foster its future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lei
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Xu
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, IATTI, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China.
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2
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Huang C, Xiao P, Ye ZM, Wang CL, Kang C, Tang S, Wei Z, Cai H. Direct C(sp 3)-H Arylation of Unprotected Benzyl Anilines and Alkylarenes by Organocatalysis under Visible Light. Org Lett 2024; 26:304-309. [PMID: 38165162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Reported herein is direct C(sp3)-H arylation of unprotected benzyl anilines and alkylarenes via consecutive photoinduced electron transfer by visible light irradiation. Reductive quenching cycles and radical-radical cross-coupling were involved, and electron paramagnetic resonance experiments provide evidence for the formation of radical intermediates formed in situ. The protocol highlights transition metal free, external oxidant free, broad substrate scope, and high efficiency (>60 examples, up to 96%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Ming Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Lu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Kang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhong Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, People's Republic of China
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Sindhe H, Reddy MM, Rajkumar K, Kamble A, Singh A, Kumar A, Sharma S. Pyridine C(sp 2)-H bond functionalization under transition-metal and rare earth metal catalysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:820-863. [PMID: 37346497 PMCID: PMC10280098 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyridine is a crucial heterocyclic scaffold that is widely found in organic chemistry, medicines, natural products, and functional materials. In spite of the discovery of several methods for the synthesis of functionalized pyridines or their integration into an organic molecule, new methodologies for the direct functionalization of pyridine scaffolds have been developed during the past two decades. In addition, transition-metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization and rare earth metal-catalyzed reactions have flourished over the past two decades in the development of functionalized organic molecules of concern. In this review, we discuss recent achievements in the transition-metal and rare earth metal-catalyzed C-H bond functionalization of pyridine and look into the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haritha Sindhe
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Malladi Mounika Reddy
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Karthikeyan Rajkumar
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Akshay Kamble
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Amardeep Singh
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Anand Kumar
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Satyasheel Sharma
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research - Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
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Zhou Y, Lei SG, Wang LS, Ma JT, Yu ZC, Wu YD, Wu AX. I 2-Promoted gem-Diarylethene Involved Aza-Diels-Alder Reaction and Wagner-Meerwein Rearrangement: Construction of 2,3,4-Trisubstituted Pyrimido[1,2- b]indazole Skeletons. Org Lett 2023; 25:3386-3390. [PMID: 37154544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A [3 + 1 + 2] cyclization-rearrangement reaction scheme was developed to synthesize pyrimido[1,2-b]indazoles from aryl methyl ketones, 3-aminoindazoles, and gem-diarylethenes. This metal-free process proceeds via a sequential aza-Diels-Alder reaction and Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement, and a possible reaction mechanism was demonstrated based on control experiments. This method exhibits good substrate compatibility and allows simple reaction conditions. Moreover, the products display significant aggregation-induced emission characteristics after simple modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Shuang-Gui Lei
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Li-Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Tian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Dong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
| | - An-Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P.R. China
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5
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Bergamaschi E, Mayerhofer VJ, Teskey CJ. Light-Driven Cobalt Hydride Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Styrenes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Bergamaschi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Victor J. Mayerhofer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christopher J. Teskey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Yang X, Sun R, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Su Z, Ge Y, Chen H, Fu H, Li R. Chichibabin‐Type Phosphonylation of 2‐(Hetero)aryl Pyridines: Selective Synthesis of 4‐Phosphinoyl Pyridines via an Activated N‐benzylpyridinium Salt. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhishan Su
- Sichuan University - Wangjiang Campus CHINA
| | - Yicen Ge
- Chengdu University of Technology CHINA
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Zhang Z, He Q, Zhang X, Yang C. Photoredox-Catalysed Regioselective Synthesis of C-4-Alkylated Pyridines with N -(Acyloxy)phthalimides. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1969-1973. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00123c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A method of direct C-4 selective alkylation of pyridine under visible light irradiation at room temperature was reported, using simple maleate-derived pyridinium salts as pyridine precursors, and the readily available...
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Choi J, Laudadio G, Godineau E, Baran PS. Practical and Regioselective Synthesis of C-4-Alkylated Pyridines. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11927-11933. [PMID: 34318659 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The direct position-selective C-4 alkylation of pyridines has been a long-standing challenge in heterocyclic chemistry, particularly from pyridine itself. Historically this has been addressed using prefunctionalized materials to avoid overalkylation and mixtures of regioisomers. This study reports the invention of a simple maleate-derived blocking group for pyridines that enables exquisite control for Minisci-type decarboxylative alkylation at C-4 that allows for inexpensive access to these valuable building blocks. The method is employed on a variety of different pyridines and carboxylic acid alkyl donors, is operationally simple and scalable, and is applied to access known structures in a rapid and inexpensive fashion. Finally, this work points to an interesting strategic departure for the use of Minisci chemistry at the earliest possible stage (native pyridine) rather than current dogma that almost exclusively employs Minisci chemistry as a late-stage functionalization technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Gabriele Laudadio
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Edouard Godineau
- Process Research, Syngenta Crop Protection, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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