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Zhai Z, Zhou Y, Korovich AG, Hall BA, Yoon HY, Yao Y, Zhang J, Bortner MJ, Roman M, Madsen LA, Edgar KJ. Synthesis and Characterization of Multi-Reducing-End Polysaccharides. Biomacromolecules 2023. [PMID: 37262428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Site-specific modification is a great challenge for polysaccharide scientists. Chemo- and regioselective modification of polysaccharide chains can provide many useful natural-based materials and help us illuminate fundamental structure-property relationships of polysaccharide derivatives. The hemiacetal reducing end of a polysaccharide is in equilibrium with its ring-opened aldehyde form, making it the most uniquely reactive site on the polysaccharide molecule, ideal for regioselective decoration such as imine formation. However, all natural polysaccharides, whether they are branched or not, have only one reducing end per chain, which means that only one aldehyde-reactive substituent can be added. We introduce a new approach to selective functionalization of polysaccharides as an entrée to useful materials, appending multiple reducing ends to each polysaccharide molecule. Herein, we reduce the approach to practice using amide formation. Amine groups on monosaccharides such as glucosamine or galactosamine can react with carboxyl groups of polysaccharides, whether natural uronic acids like alginates, or derivatives with carboxyl-containing substituents such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or carboxymethyl dextran (CMD). Amide formation is assisted using the coupling agent 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMTMM). By linking the C2 amines of monosaccharides to polysaccharides in this way, a new class of polysaccharide derivatives possessing many reducing ends can be obtained. We refer to this class of derivatives as multi-reducing-end polysaccharides (MREPs). This new family of derivatives creates the potential for designing polysaccharide-based materials with many potential applications, including in hydrogels, block copolymers, prodrugs, and as reactive intermediates for other derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghao Zhai
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Andrew G Korovich
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Brady A Hall
- GlycoMIP, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Hu Young Yoon
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Yimin Yao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Junchen Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Michael J Bortner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Maren Roman
- Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Louis A Madsen
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Kevin J Edgar
- Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Tschan MJL, Gauvin RM, Thomas CM. Controlling polymer stereochemistry in ring-opening polymerization: a decade of advances shaping the future of biodegradable polyesters. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:13587-13608. [PMID: 34786575 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00356a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights recent developments in the field of biodegradable polymeric materials intended to replace non-degradable conventional plastics, focusing on studies from the last ten years involving the stereoselective ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters. This encompasses exciting advances in both catalyst design and monomer scope. Notably, the last decade has seen the emergence of metal-free stereocontrolled ROP for instance, as well as the synthesis and stereocontrolled polymerization of new types of chiral monomers. This study will emphasize recent stereoselective polymerization catalysts and chiral monomers and will focus on stereocontrol quantification, the mechanisms of stereocontrol and their differentiation if reported and studied for a specific catalyst system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu J-L Tschan
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Régis M Gauvin
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Christophe M Thomas
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France.
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Wang X, Chin AL, Zhou J, Wang H, Tong R. Resilient Poly(α-hydroxy acids) with Improved Strength and Ductility via Scalable Stereosequence-Controlled Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16813-16823. [PMID: 34582185 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the degradability and biocompatibility of poly(α-hydroxy acids), their utility remains limited because their thermal and mechanical properties are inferior to those of commodity polyolefins, which can be attributed to the lack of side-chain functionality on the polyester backbone. Attempts to synthesize high-molecular-weight functionalized poly(α-hydroxy acids) from O-carboxyanhydrides have been hampered by scalability problems arising from the need for an external energy source such as light or electricity. Herein, we report an operationally simple, scalable method for the synthesis of stereoregular, high-molecular-weight (>200 kDa) functionalized poly(α-hydroxy acids) by means of controlled ring-opening polymerization of O-carboxyanhydrides mediated by a highly redox reactive manganese complex and a zinc-alkoxide. Mechanistic studies indicated that the ring-opening process likely proceeded via the Mn-mediated decarboxylation with alkoxy radical formation. Gradient copolymers produced directly by this method from mixtures of two O-carboxyanhydrides exhibited better ductility and toughness than their corresponding homopolymers and block copolymers, therefore highlighting the potential feasibility of functionalized poly(α-hydroxy acids) as ductile and resilient polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ai Lin Chin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Jingyi Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 60801, United States
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 60801, United States
| | - Rong Tong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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