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Kumar VB. Design and development of molten metal nanomaterials using sonochemistry for multiple applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 318:102934. [PMID: 37301065 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Molten metals have prospective applications as soft fluids with unique physical and chemical properties, yet materials based on them are still in their infancy and have great potential. Ultrasonic irradiation of molten metals in liquid media induces acoustic cavitation and dispersion of the liquid metal into micrometric and nanometric spheres. This review focuses on the synthesis of mmetallic materials via sonochemistry from molten metals with low melting point (< 420 ᴼC): Ga, Hg, In, Sn, Bi, Pb, and Zn, which can be melted in organic or inorganic media or water and of aqueous solutions of metallic ions to form two immiscible liquid phases. Organic molecule entrapment, polymer solubilization, chiral imprinting, and catalyst incorporation within metals or metallic particles were recently developed to provide novel hybrid nanomaterials for several applications including catalysis, fuel cells, and biomass-to-biofuel conversion. In all cases where molten metal was sonicated in an organic solvent, in addition to a solid precipitant, an interesting supernatant was obtained that contained metal-doped carbon dots (M@C-dots). Some of these M@C-dots were found to exhibit highly effective antimicrobial activity, promote neuronal tissue growth, or have utility in lithium-ion rechargeable batteries. The economic feasibility and commercial scalability of molten metal sonochemistry attract fundamental interest in the reaction mechanisms, as the versatility and controllability of the structure and material properties invite exploration of various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Bhooshan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.
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Kumar VB, Gedanken A, Porat Z. Sonochemistry of molten metals. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:7625-7639. [PMID: 37060125 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00143a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic irradiation of molten metals in liquid media causes dispersion of the metals into suspensions of micro- and nanoparticles that can be separated. This is applicable mainly to low-mp elemental metals or alloys, but higher mp elemental metals or alloys were also reported. Among metals, mercury and gallium exhibit especially-low melting points and are thus considered as liquid metals (LMs). Sonication of mercury in aqueous solutions of certain metal ions can cause simultaneous reduction of the ions and reactions between the metals. Gallium can be melted and sonicated in warm water, as well as in aqueous solutions of various solutes such as metal ions and organic compounds, which opened a wide window of interactions between the gallium particles and the solutes. Sonication of molten metals in organic liquids, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400, forms carbon dots (C-dots) doped with nanoparticles of these metals. This review article summarizes the various interactions and reactions that occur upon sonication of metals in liquid media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Bhooshan Kumar
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
- Faculty of life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Aharon Gedanken
- Faculty of life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ze'ev Porat
- Department of Chemistry, Nuclear Research Center-Negev, Beer-Sheva 84190, Israel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel.
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Du H, Gu X, Johs A, Yin X, Spano T, Wang D, Pierce EM, Gu B. Sonochemical oxidation and stabilization of liquid elemental mercury in water and soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130589. [PMID: 37055993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Over 3000 mercury (Hg)-contaminated sites worldwide contain liquid metallic Hg [Hg(0)l] representing a continuous source of elemental Hg(0) in the environment through volatilization and solubilization in water. Currently, there are few effective treatment technologies available to remove or sequester Hg(0)l in situ. We investigated sonochemical treatments coupled with complexing agents, polysulfide and sulfide, in oxidizing Hg(0)l and stabilizing Hg in water, soil and quartz sand. Results indicate that sonication is highly effective in breaking up and oxidizing liquid Hg(0)l beads via acoustic cavitation, particularly in the presence of polysulfide. Without complexing agents, sonication caused only minor oxidation of Hg(0)l but increased headspace gaseous Hg(0)g and dissolved Hg(0)aq in water. However, the presence of polysulfide essentially stopped Hg(0) volatilization and solubilization. As a charged polymer, polysulfide was more effective than sulfide in oxidizing Hg(0)l and subsequently stabilizing the precipitated metacinnabar (β-HgS) nanocrystals. Sonochemical treatments with sulfide yielded incomplete oxidation of Hg(0)l, likely resulting from the formation of HgS coatings on the dispersed µm-size Hg(0)l bead surfaces. Sonication with polysulfide also resulted in rapid oxidation of Hg(0)l and precipitation of HgS in quartz sand and in the Hg(0)l-contaminated soil. This research indicates that sonochemical treatment with polysulfide could be an effective means in rapidly converting Hg(0)l to insoluble HgS precipitates in water and sediments, thereby preventing its further emission and release to the environment. We suggest that future studies are performed to confirm its technical feasibility and treatment efficacy for remediation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Du
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Xin Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Alexander Johs
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Xiangping Yin
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Tyler Spano
- Nuclear Nonproliferation Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Dingyong Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Eric M Pierce
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Baohua Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States; Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States.
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Quantitative removal of Hg(II) as Hg(0) using carbon cloths coated graphene quantum dots and their silver nanoparticles composite and application of Hg(0) for the sensitive determination of nitrobenzene. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sirajuddin, Tagar ZA, Ul Haq MA, Shah MR, Mujeeb-ur-Rehman, Sherazi STH, Barek J, Kalhoro MS. Highly Sensitive Voltammetric Determination of Acrylamide Based on Ibuprofen Capped Mercury Nanoparticles. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:7302. [PMID: 34770608 PMCID: PMC8587918 DOI: 10.3390/s21217302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Highly stable, small-sized and evenly distributed solid mercury nanoparticles capped with ibuprofen (Ibu-HgNPs) were prepared via reduction with hydrazine and capped with ibuprofen as a stabilizing agent. Characterization of Ibu-HgNPs was carried out by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The prepared Ibu-HgNPs were immobilized onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and used for the first time as the sensing element for voltammetric determination of low concentrations of acrylamide (AA) in aqueous solutions. Various parameters such as the type of supporting electrolyte, voltammetric mode, frequency, deposition time, stirring rate and initial potential were optimized to obtain the highest peak current of AA. The sensor delivered the best results in combination with the square wave voltammetry (SWV) mode, with good repeatability (relative standard deviation (RSD) of 25 repetitions was 1.4% for 1000 ppb AA). The study further revealed that Ibu-HgNPs are strongly adhered to GCE and hence do not contaminate the environment even after several runs. The newly developed AA sensor provides linear calibration dependence in the range of 100-1300 ppb with an R2 value of 0.996 and limit of detection (LOD) of 8.5 ppb. Negligible interference was confirmed from several organic compounds, cations and anions. The developed sensor was successfully applied for AA determination in various types of environmental real water samples to prove its practical usefulness and applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirajuddin
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (S.); (M.A.U.H.); (M.R.S.); (M.-u.-R.)
| | - Zulfiqar Ali Tagar
- National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan; (Z.A.T.); (S.T.H.S.)
| | - Muhammad Anwar Ul Haq
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (S.); (M.A.U.H.); (M.R.S.); (M.-u.-R.)
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (S.); (M.A.U.H.); (M.R.S.); (M.-u.-R.)
| | - Mujeeb-ur-Rehman
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (S.); (M.A.U.H.); (M.R.S.); (M.-u.-R.)
| | - Syed Tufail Hussain Sherazi
- National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan; (Z.A.T.); (S.T.H.S.)
| | - Jiri Barek
- UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, CZ-15843 Prague, Czech Republic
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Kappen J, John SA. Formation of Mercury Droplets at Ambient Conditions through the Interaction of Hg(II) with Graphene Quantum Dots. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:7834-7843. [PMID: 34009972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Unlike other metals, Hg forms droplets at ambient conditions when a Hg(II) salt interacts with hydroxyl-enriched graphene quantum dots (HEGQDs). The hydroxylation of GQD surface is evident from FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The scanning electron microscopy images of Hg(II)-HEGQDs incubated for 0, 1, 24, and 168 h show Hg droplets with the size of 0.1, 0.3, 0.8, and 2 μm, respectively. The XPS studies confirm the presence of Hg(0) and also reveal a noticeable decline in the composition percentage of C-O, whereas a marked increase is observed in the C═O composition percentage. The pathway for the formation of droplets induces immediate reduction of Hg(II) to Hg(0) by both hydroxyl groups and π electron cloud present on the surface of HEGQDs, followed by coalescence. The formed Hg(0) is then strongly adsorbed on the hollow sites of graphene and acts as a nucleation site for the growth of droplets. The kinetics of the reaction obeys LaMer Burst nucleation followed by coalescent growth in addition to autocatalytic reduction and finally follows the Oswald ripening mechanism. The internal pressure of Hg droplets gradually decreases as the radius of the drop increases over the incubation time and liquid-rhombohedral transformation is likely to take place at a radius of 0.8 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincymol Kappen
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, The Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed to be University, Gandhigram, 624 302 Dindigul, Tamilnadu, India
| | - S Abraham John
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, The Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed to be University, Gandhigram, 624 302 Dindigul, Tamilnadu, India
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