1
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Saura-Sanmartin A, Cutillas-Font G, Martinez-Cuezva A, Alajarin M, Esteban-Betegón F, Pena-Sánchez P, Gándara F, Berna J. Mechanical bonding of rigid MORFs using a tetratopic rotaxane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6431-6434. [PMID: 38829284 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02065k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The preparation of highly rigid cobalt(II)- and copper(II)-organic frameworks incorporating a tetralactam [2]rotaxane as a ligand is described. The interlocked ligand is functionalized with two pairs of carboxylate groups placed at each counterpart, thus limiting its dynamics within the crystal. The solid structure of the metal-organic rotaxane frameworks showed different, unprecedented polycatenation modes of grids, depending on the employed metal, providing great rigidity to the structures. This rigidity has been evaluated by using single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses of the cobalt(II)-organic frameworks embedded in different solvents, observing that the lattices remain unchanged. Thus, this research demonstrates that rigid and robust materials with permanent porosity can be achieved using dynamic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Cutillas-Font
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Mateo Alajarin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Fátima Esteban-Betegón
- Departamento de Nuevas Arquitecturas en Química de Materiales, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar Pena-Sánchez
- Departamento de Nuevas Arquitecturas en Química de Materiales, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Felipe Gándara
- Departamento de Nuevas Arquitecturas en Química de Materiales, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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2
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Saura-Sanmartin A. Synthesis of 'Impossible' Rotaxanes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304025. [PMID: 38168751 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
'Impossible' rotaxanes, which are constituted by interlocked components without obvious binding motifs, have attracted the interest of the mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) community. Within the synthetic efforts reported in the last decades towards the preparation of MIMs, some innovative protocols for accessing 'impossible' rotaxanes have been developed. This short review highlights different selected synthetic examples of 'impossible' rotaxanes, as well as suggests some future directions of this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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3
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Ibáñez S, Salvà P, Dawe LN, Peris E. Guest-Shuttling in a Nanosized Metallobox. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318829. [PMID: 38179825 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
An iridium-conjoined long and narrow metallorectangle was obtained by combining a quinoxalinophenanthrophenazine-connected Janus-di-imidazolylidene ligand and pyrazine. The size and shape of this assembly together with the fused polyaromatic nature of its panels provides it with properties that are uncommon for other metallosupramolecular assemblies. For example, this nanosized 'slit-like' metallobox is able show very large binding affinities with planar organic molecules in such a way, that the cavity is asymmetrically occupied by the guest molecule. This unsymmetrical conformation leads to the existence of a large amplitude motion of these guests, which slide between the two sides of the cavity of the host, thus constituting rare examples of molecular shuttles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Ibáñez
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón, E-12006, Spain
| | - Paula Salvà
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón, E-12006, Spain
| | - Louise N Dawe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2 L 3 C5, Canada
| | - Eduardo Peris
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón, E-12006, Spain
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4
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Kotera N, Montellano P, Catalán AC, Carrasco-Ruiz A, Cervantes R, Tiburcio J. Correlated translational motions in pseudo-rotaxane complexes controlled by a single chemical stimulus. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1135-1140. [PMID: 38047705 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01741a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Coordinated motions are essential in the operation of molecular machines. This feature can be achieved by landscaping the energy surface along the movement coordinates. Herein, we present an approach of using a single stimulus to modify the free energy curve describing the threading and shuttling of a ring along a linear molecule. This approach has been realized by locating two identical ring-binding sites near the axle termini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kotera
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Avenida IPN 2508, Mexico City, 07360, Mexico.
| | - Pilar Montellano
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Avenida IPN 2508, Mexico City, 07360, Mexico.
| | - Aldo C Catalán
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Avenida IPN 2508, Mexico City, 07360, Mexico.
| | - Anayeli Carrasco-Ruiz
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Apizaco 90341, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Ruy Cervantes
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Avenida IPN 2508, Mexico City, 07360, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Tiburcio
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Avenida IPN 2508, Mexico City, 07360, Mexico.
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5
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Dhara A, Dmitrienko A, Hussein RN, Sotomayor A, Wilson BH, Loeb SJ. A translationally active ligand based on a [2]rotaxane molecular shuttle with a 2,2'-bipyridyl core. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7215-7220. [PMID: 37416700 PMCID: PMC10321530 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01346d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A rigid H-shaped, [2]rotaxane molecular shuttle comprised of an axle containing two benzimidazole recognition sites and a central 2,2'-bipyridyl (bipy) group interlocked with a 24-crown-8 (24C8) wheel was synthesized using a threading followed by stoppering protocol. The central bipy chelating unit was shown to act as a speed bump that raised the barrier to shuttling for the [2]rotaxane. Coordination of a PtCl2 moiety to the bipy unit in a square planar geometry created an insurmountable steric barrier to shuttling. Addition of one equivalent of NaB(3,5-(CF3)2C6H3)4 removed one of the chloride ligands allowing for translation of the crown ether along the axle into the coordination sphere of the Pt(ii) centre but full shuttling of the crown ether could not be activated. In contrast, addition of Zn(ii) ions in a coordinating solvent (DMF) allowed shuttling to occur using a ligand exchange mechanism. DFT calculations showed this likely occurs via coordination of the 24C8 macrocycle to the Zn(ii) centre bound to the bipy chelate. This interplay of the rotaxane axle and wheel components is an example of a translationally active ligand that utilises the large amplitude displacement of a macrocycle along an axle in a molecular shuttle to access ligand coordination modes not possible with conventional ligand designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Dhara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor Windsor ON N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Anton Dmitrienko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor Windsor ON N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Rahaf N Hussein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor Windsor ON N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Ariel Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor Windsor ON N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Benjamin H Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor Windsor ON N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Stephen J Loeb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor Windsor ON N9B 3P4 Canada
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6
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Saura‐Sanmartin A, Schalley CA. The Mobility of Homomeric Lasso‐ and Daisy Chain‐Like Rotaxanes in Solution and in the Gas Phase as a means to Study Structure and Switching Behaviour. Isr J Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202300022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Saura‐Sanmartin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Química Universidad de Murcia Calle Campus Universitario, 5 30100 Murcia Spain
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 20 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Christoph A. Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 20 14195 Berlin Germany
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7
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Washino G, Soto MA, Wolff S, MacLachlan MJ. Preprogrammed assembly of supramolecular polymer networks via the controlled disassembly of a metastable rotaxane. Commun Chem 2022; 5:155. [PMID: 36698032 PMCID: PMC9814676 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In our daily life, some of the most valuable commodities are preprogrammed or preassembled by a manufacturer; the end-user puts together the final product and gathers properties or function as desired. Here, we present a chemical approach to preassembled materials, namely supramolecular polymer networks (SPNs), which wait for an operator's command to organize autonomously. In this prototypical system, the controlled disassembly of a metastable interlocked molecule (rotaxane) liberates an active species to the medium. This species crosslinks a ring-containing polymer and assembles with a reporting macrocycle to produce colorful SPNs. We demonstrate that by using identical preprogrammed systems, one can access multiple supramolecular polymer networks with different degrees of fluidity (μ* = 2.5 to 624 Pa s-1) and color, all as desired by the end-user.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gosuke Washino
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Miguel A. Soto
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Siad Wolff
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Mark J. MacLachlan
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1 Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Bioproducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada ,grid.9707.90000 0001 2308 3329WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192 Japan
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8
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Hu C, Li Z, Hu Z, Li Q, Fu Y, Chen Z. Synthesis of multifunctional crown ether covalent organic nanospheres as stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463323. [PMID: 35853421 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Crown ethers are macrocyclic polyether compounds containing multiple -oxo-methylene-structural units, which are often used for recognition of metal ions and ammonium ions. Inspired by the molecular design of rotaxanes, a novel covalent organic nanospheres material (CON ADBC-Tp) constructed by 4,4'-diaminodibenzo-18-crown-6 (ADBC) and 2,4,6-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) was rationally designed as stationary phase for the separation of compounds containing imidazole structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were carried out to confirm the morphology and composition of ADBC-Tp and ADBC-Tp modified capillary column. Thanks to the introduction of crown ether building ligands, the prepared capillary column exhibited excellent separation selectivity towards protonated imidazole structure, with benzimidazole and its 2-substituted derivatives as modal analytes. Moreover, separation of fungicides, nucleobases, short peptides and sulfanilamides were achieved on ADBC-Tp@capillary. The multifunctional ADBC-Tp@capillary with satisfactory reproducibility and stability gives great promise for separation science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Hu
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhentao Li
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhuang Hu
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qiaoyan Li
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fu
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Trauma and Microsurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan 430071, China.
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9
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Kolodzeiski E, Amirjalayer S. Dynamic network of intermolecular interactions in metal-organic frameworks functionalized by molecular machines. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn4426. [PMID: 35776789 PMCID: PMC10883363 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn4426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Molecular machines enable external control of structural and dynamic phenomena at the atomic level. To efficiently transfer their tunable properties into designated functionalities, a detailed understanding of the impact of molecular embedding is needed. In particular, a comprehensive insight is fundamental to design hierarchical multifunctional systems that are inspired by biological cells. Here, we applied an on-the-fly trained force field to perform atomistic simulations of a systematically modified rotaxane functionalized metal-organic framework. Our atomistic studies reveal a symmetric and asymmetric interplay of the mechanically bonded rings (MBRs) within the framework depending on the local environment. As a result, their translational motion is modulated ranging from fast oscillatory behavior to cooperative and potentially directed shuttling. The derived picture of competitive interactions, which influence the operation mechanism of the MBRs embedded in these soft porous materials, promotes the development of responsive functional materials, which is a key step toward intelligent matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kolodzeiski
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Saeed Amirjalayer
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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10
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Saura-Sanmartin A, Pastor A, Martinez-Cuezva A, Cutillas-Font G, Alajarin M, Berna J. Mechanically interlocked molecules in metal-organic frameworks. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4949-4976. [PMID: 35612363 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00167e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) have great potential in the development of molecular machinery due to their intercomponent dynamics. The incorporation of these molecules in a condensed phase makes it possible to take advantage of the control of the motion of the components at the macroscopic level. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are postulated as ideal supports for intertwined molecules. This review covers the chemistry of the mechanical bond incorporated into metal-organic frameworks from the seminal studies to the latest published advances. We first describe some fundamental concepts of MIMs and MOFs. Next, we summarize the advances in the incorporation of rotaxanes and catenanes inside MOF matrices. Finally, we conclude by showing the study of the rotaxane dynamics in MOFs and the operation of some stimuli-responsive MIMs within MOFs. In addition to emphasising some selected examples, we offer a critical opinion on the state of the art of this research field, remarking the key points on which the future of these systems should be focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Aurelia Pastor
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Cutillas-Font
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Mateo Alajarin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
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11
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Li X, Xie J, Du Z, Jiang L, Li G, Ling S, Zhu K. Docking rings in a solid: reversible assembling of pseudorotaxanes inside a zirconium metal-organic framework. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6291-6296. [PMID: 35733896 PMCID: PMC9159108 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01497a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An unprecedented zirconium metal–organic framework featuring a T-shaped benzimidazole strut was constructed and employed as a sponge-like material for selective absorption of macrocyclic guests. The neutral benzimidazole domain of the as-synthesized framework can be readily protonated and fully converted to benzimidazolium. Mechanical threading of [24]crown-8 ether wheels onto recognition sites to form pseudorotaxanes was evidenced by solution nuclear magnetic resonance, solid-state fluorescence, and infrared spectroscopy. Selective absorption of [24]crown-8 ether rather than its dibenzo counterpart was also observed. Further study reveals that this binding process is reversible and acid–base switchable. The success of docking macrocyclic guests in crystals via host–guest interactions provides an alternative route to complex functional materials with interpenetrated structures. A T-shaped ligand was designed as struts for building a zirconium metal–organic framework. Acid–base switchable docking and releasing a 24-membered crown ether inside crystals was successfully accomplished via post-synthetic modification.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Jialin Xie
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Zhenglin Du
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Long Jiang
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Centre, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Guangqin Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Sanliang Ling
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Kelong Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
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12
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Li X, Xie J, Du Z, Yu R, Jia J, Chen Z, Zhu K. 2D and 3D metal-organic frameworks constructed with a mechanically rigidified [3]rotaxane ligand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5829-5832. [PMID: 35388851 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01198k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A mechanically interlocked [3]rotaxane was newly designed, synthesized, and employed as a ligand for constructing metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The nano-confinement by macrocycles forces the soft bis-isophthalate axle into a pseudo-rigid conformation and coordinates to zinc(II) ions, affording a two- or three-dimensional MOF under controlled conditions. The 2D MOF exhibits a neutral framework with a periodic puckering sheet structure, while an anionic framework with a pts topology was observed for the 3D MOF. The phase purity of both bulk materials was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals that both materials are stable up to 250 °C. The success of applying mechanical bonds to rigidify flexible ligands provides new insights for the design of metal-organic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Jialin Xie
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenglin Du
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Ruiyang Yu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Jianhua Jia
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, P. R. China.
| | - Kelong Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.
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13
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Geng JS, Mei L, Liang YY, Yuan LY, Yu JP, Hu KQ, Yuan LH, Feng W, Chai ZF, Shi WQ. Controllable photomechanical bending of metal-organic rotaxane crystals facilitated by regioselective confined-space photodimerization. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2030. [PMID: 35440111 PMCID: PMC9019062 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29738-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular machines based on mechanically-interlocked molecules (MIMs) such as (pseudo) rotaxanes or catenates are known for their molecular-level dynamics, but promoting macro-mechanical response of these molecular machines or related materials is still challenging. Herein, by employing macrocyclic cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8])-based pseudorotaxane with a pair of styrene-derived photoactive guest molecules as linking structs of uranyl node, we describe a metal-organic rotaxane compound, U-CB[8]-MPyVB, that is capable of delivering controllable macroscopic mechanical responses. Under light irradiation, the ladder-shape structural unit of metal-organic rotaxane chain in U-CB[8]-MPyVB undergoes a regioselective solid-state [2 + 2] photodimerization, and facilitates a photo-triggered single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) transformation, which even induces macroscopic photomechanical bending of individual rod-like bulk crystals. The fabrication of rotaxane-based crystalline materials with both photoresponsive microscopic and macroscopic dynamic behaviors in solid state can be promising photoactuator devices, and will have implications in emerging fields such as optomechanical microdevices and smart microrobotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Shan Geng
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Lei Mei
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liang
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Yong Yuan
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Pan Yu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Kong-Qiu Hu
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Hua Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Wen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Zhi-Fang Chai
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.,Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials, Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei-Qun Shi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
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14
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De Nicola A, Correa A, Bracco S, Perego J, Sozzani P, Comotti A, Milano G. Collective dynamics of molecular rotors in periodic mesoporous organosilica: a combined solid-state 2H-NMR and molecular dynamics simulation study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:666-673. [PMID: 34904981 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05013c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular rotors offer a platform to realize controlled dynamics and modulate the functions of solids. The motional mechanisms in arrays of rotors have not been explored in depth. Crystal-like porous organosilicas, comprising p-phenylene rotators pivoted onto a siloxane scaffold, were modelled using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Long simulations, on a microsecond scale, allowed to follow the reorientation statistics of rotor collections and single out group configurations and frequency distributions as a function of temperature. The motions observed in the MD simulations support a multiple-site model for rotor reorientations. Computed motional frequencies revealed a complex rotatory phenomenon combining an ultra-fast libration motion (oscillation up to 30°) with a slow and fast 180° flip reorientation. Adopting a multiple-site model provides a more accurate simulation of the 2H-NMR spectra and a rationalization of their temperature dependence. In particular, rotators endowed with distinct rates could be explained by the presence of slower rings locked in a T-shaped conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio De Nicola
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Andrea Correa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, Complesso Monte S. Angelo, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Silvia Bracco
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy.
| | - Jacopo Perego
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy.
| | - Piero Sozzani
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy.
| | - Angiolina Comotti
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125, Milano, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Milano
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naploli, Italy
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15
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Li F, Mei L, Peng H, Hu KQ, Chai Z, Liu N. Impact of Proximity Effect on Uranyl Coordination of Conformationally Variable Weakly-Bonded Cucurbit[6]uril-Bipyridinium Pseudorotaxane. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01330k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To explore the proximity effect in uranyl coordination of weak-bonded cucurbit[6]uril(CB[6])-bipyridinium ligands, a new pseudorotaxane precursor C7BPCN3@CB[6] containing 1, 1'-(heptyl-1,7-diyl)bis(3-cyanopyridin-1-ium) bromide (C7BPCN3) with elongated alkyl chains and meta-substituted cyano groups,...
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16
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Baggi G, Wilson BH, Dhara A, O'Keefe CA, Schurko RW, Loeb SJ. Dynamics of a [2]rotaxane wheel in a crystalline molecular solid. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8210-8213. [PMID: 34308949 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03009d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An H-shaped [2]rotaxane comprising a bis(benzimidazole) axle and a 24-membered crown ether wheel appended with four trityl groups forms a highly crystalline material with enough free volume to allow large amplitude motion of the interlocked macrocycle. Variable-temperature (VT) 2H solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) was used to characterize the dynamics of the [2]rotaxane wheel in this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Baggi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada.
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17
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Perego J, Bezuidenhout CX, Bracco S, Prando G, Marchiò L, Negroni M, Carretta P, Sozzani P, Comotti A. Cascade Dynamics of Multiple Molecular Rotors in a MOF: Benchmark Mobility at a Few Kelvins and Dynamics Control by CO 2. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13082-13090. [PMID: 34388339 PMCID: PMC8413000 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Achieving
sophisticated juxtaposition of geared molecular rotors
with negligible energy-requirements in solids enables fast yet controllable
and correlated rotary motion to construct switches and motors. Our
endeavor was to realize multiple rotors operating in a MOF architecture
capable of supporting fast motional regimes, even at extremely cold
temperatures. Two distinct ligands, 4,4′-bipyridine (bipy)
and bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanedicarboxylate (BCP), coordinated to Zn clusters
fabricated a pillar-and-layer 3D array of orthogonal rotors. Variable
temperature XRD, 2H solid-echo, and 1H T1 relaxation NMR, collected down to a temperature of 2 K revealed
the hyperfast mobility of BCP and an unprecedented cascade mechanism
modulated by distinct energy barriers starting from values as low
as 100 J mol–1 (24 cal mol–1),
a real benchmark for complex arrays of rotors. These rotors explored
multiple configurations of conrotary and disrotary relationships,
switched on and off by thermal energy, a scenario supported by DFT
modeling. Furthermore, the collective bipy-ring rotation was concerted
with the framework, which underwent controllable swinging between
two arrangements in a dynamical structure. A second way to manipulate
rotors by external stimuli was the use of CO2, which diffused
through the open pores, dramatically changing the global rotation
mechanism. Collectively, the intriguing gymnastics of multiple rotors,
devised cooperatively and integrated into the same framework, gave
the opportunity to engineer hypermobile rotors (107 Hz
at 4 K) in machine-like double ligand MOF crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Perego
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Charl X Bezuidenhout
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Bracco
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Prando
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luciano Marchiò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Mattia Negroni
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Carretta
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Piero Sozzani
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Angiolina Comotti
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
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18
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Xia T, Yu ZY, Gong HY. Pb 2+-Containing Metal-Organic Rotaxane Frameworks (MORFs). Molecules 2021; 26:4241. [PMID: 34299516 PMCID: PMC8306753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The metal-organic rotaxane framework (MORF) structures with the advantage of mechanically interlocking molecules (MIMs) have attracted intense interest from the chemical community. In this study, a set of MORFs (i.e., MORF-Pb-1 and MORF-Pb-2) are constructed using Pb2+, a tetraimidazolium macrocycle (Texas-sized molecular box; 14+), and aromatic dicarboxylate (p-phthalate dianions (PTADAs; 2) or 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate dianions (3)) via a one-pot three-layer diffusion protocol. In particular, an unusual Pb…Pb weak interaction was shown in MORF-Pb-1 (charactered with distance of 3.656 Å).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, No. 59, Zhongguan Street, Beijing 100872, China;
| | - Zhi-Yong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, No. 59, Zhongguan Street, Beijing 100872, China;
| | - Han-Yuan Gong
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinwai Street, Beijing 100875, China
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19
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Da Silva Rodrigues R, Luis ET, Marshall DL, McMurtrie JC, Mullen KM. Hydrazone exchange: a viable route for the solid-tethered synthesis of [2]rotaxanes. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00388g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Using a hydrazone exchange methodology, resin beads were functionalised with [2]rotaxanes at up to 80% efficiency—higher than using other dynamic or irreversible synthetic approaches to form self-assembled structures on solid supports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ena T. Luis
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
| | - David L. Marshall
- Centre for Materials Science
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility
| | - John C. McMurtrie
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
| | - Kathleen M. Mullen
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Centre for Materials Science
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20
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Hobday CL, Kieslich G. Structural flexibility in crystalline coordination polymers: a journey along the underlying free energy landscape. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:3759-3768. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04329j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this perspective, we discuss structural flexibility in crystalline coordination polymers. We identify that the underlying free energy landscape unites scientific disciplines, and discuss key areas to advanced the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L. Hobday
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- The University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Gregor Kieslich
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Munich
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
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