1
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Li S, Wang CW, Zhao X, Dang JS, Li J. Mechanistic Studies of Stimulus-Response Integrated Catalysis of Single-Atom Alloys under Electric Fields for Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:5088-5095. [PMID: 38708949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The present work introduces a novel catalytic strategy to promote the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) by employing a cooperative Cu-based single-atom alloy (SAA) and oriented external electric fields (OEEFs) as catalysts. The field strength (F)-dependent reaction pathways are investigated by means of first-principles calculations. Different dipole-induced responses of intermediates to electric fields break the original scaling relationships and effectively tune not only the activity but also the product selectivity of the NRR. When the most active Os1Cu SAA is taken as an example, in the absence of an OEEF, the overpotential (η) of the NRR is 0.62 V, which is even larger than that of the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). A negative field not only reduces η but switches the preference to the NRR over the HER. In particular, η at F = -1.14 V/Å reaches the bottom of 0.18 V, which is 70% lower than that in the field-free state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Science and Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Shuang Dang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare-Earth Materials of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Fundamental Science Center of Rare Earths, Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
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2
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Dempsey SH, Cao W, Wang XB, Kass SR. Anion-Activated Bases and Nucleophiles Characterized by Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8828-8833. [PMID: 37844075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Negative ion photoelectron spectra at 20 K along with ab initio [CCSD(T)] and M06-2X density functional theory calculations are reported for a series of six basic and nucleophilic pyridine derivatives with an anionic substituent [i.e., 3- and 4-PyrBX3-, where X = F, 4-t-BuC6H4, 4-MeOC6H4, and 3,5-(MeO)2C6H3]. Vertical detachment energies (VDEs) of these charge-activated reagents span from 4.50-5.85 eV and are well reproduced by M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ and CCSD(T)/maug-cc-pVTZ computations. Surprisingly, the VDEs are found to correlate with the SN2 reactivity of the PPh4+ salts of the substituted pyridine anions with 1-iodooctane in dichloromethane. This provides an experimental measure of the nucleophilicity of these charge-activated anions, which represent a new class of chemical reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Wenjin Cao
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Xue-Bin Wang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Steven R Kass
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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3
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Hong D, Zeng W, Liu ZT, Liu FS, Liu QJ. Initial Decomposition of DATB Induced by an External Electric Field. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37307408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Diamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (DATB), a nitro aromatic explosive with excellent properties, can be detonated by an electric field. Using first-principles calculation, we have investigated the initial decomposition of DATB under an electric field. In the realm of electric fields, the rotation of the nitro group around the benzene ring will cause deformation of the DATB structure. Furthermore, when an electric field is applied along the [100] or [001] direction, the C4-N10/C2-N8 bonds initiate decomposition due to electron excitation. On the contrary, the electric field along the [010] direction has a weak influence on DATB. These, together with electronic structures and infrared spectroscopy, give us a visual perspective of the energy transfer and the decomposition caused by C-N bond breaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hong
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
- School of Medical Information Engineering, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Teaching and Research Group of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Tang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Sheng Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Jun Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
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4
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Dubey KD, Stuyver T, Shaik S. Local Electric Fields: From Enzyme Catalysis to Synthetic Catalyst Design. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10285-10294. [PMID: 36469939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This Mini-Review Article outlines recent advances in the study of local electric field (LEF) governed enzyme catalysis and the application of the LEF principle in synthetic catalyst design. We start by discussing the electrostatics principles that drive enzyme catalysis, and its experimental verifications through vibrational Stark spectroscopy. Subsequently, we describe aspects of LEFs other than catalysis, i.e., induction of mechanistic crossovers, among others. Here, we focus on the early work done using computational tools, along with some recent contributions. Following an in-depth discussion of the role of LEFs in enzyme catalysis, we then highlight some recent works on designed local electric fields (D-LEF) and their applications in organic synthesis. Subsequently, we turn to D-LEFs in synthetic enzymes and supramolecular systems (cf. the work by the Head-Gordon group). We end by discussing some of the software packages that have been developed to analyze local electric fields computationally. Overall, the present Mini-Review Article paints an insightful picture of the current state of the art using LEF in enzyme catalysis and its application for further bioengineering and synthetic organic frameworks in a broad perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Delhi-NCR, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh201314, India
| | - Thijs Stuyver
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Sason Shaik
- The Hebrew University, Institute of Chemistry, Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 9190401Israel
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5
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Conder CJ, Mistry S, Jawale H, Wenthold PG. Probing the Pyrolysis of Guaiacol and Dimethoxybenzenes Using Collision-Induced Dissociation Charge-Remote Fragmentation Mass Spectrometry. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7168-7178. [PMID: 36173651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dissociation of lignin model compounds has been examined using mass spectrometry and collision-induced dissociation charge-remote fragmentation (CID-CRF). The model compounds guaiacol and o- and m-dimethoxybenzene containing a remote sulfonate (SO3-) charge group undergo CID by dissociation without the involvement of the anionic group. The first dissociation for all three compounds is loss of methyl radical to form phenoxy radicals. Subsequent dissociation pathways depend on the specific structures being examined The dissociation pathways are compared to those observed upon gas-phase pyrolysis that have been reported previously. While the pathways are largely similar, there are some important differences that are explained by changes in dissociation barriers due to the effect of adding the charged group. This work shows that CID-CRF is an effective approach for tracking the thermolysis of lignin model compounds while eliminating secondary reactions that normally convolute such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory J Conder
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Sabyasachy Mistry
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Harshal Jawale
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Paul G Wenthold
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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6
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Weberg AB, Murphy RP, Tomson NC. Oriented internal electrostatic fields: an emerging design element in coordination chemistry and catalysis. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5432-5446. [PMID: 35694353 PMCID: PMC9116365 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01715f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The power of oriented electrostatic fields (ESFs) to influence chemical bonding and reactivity is a phenomenon of rapidly growing interest. The presence of strong ESFs has recently been implicated as one of the most significant contributors to the activity of select enzymes, wherein alignment of a substrate's changing dipole moment with a strong, local electrostatic field has been shown to be responsible for the majority of the enzymatic rate enhancement. Outside of enzymology, researchers have studied the impacts of "internal" electrostatic fields via the addition of ionic salts to reactions and the incorporation of charged functional groups into organic molecules (both experimentally and computationally), and "externally" via the implementation of bulk fields between electrode plates. Incorporation of charged moieties into homogeneous inorganic complexes to generate internal ESFs represents an area of high potential for novel catalyst design. This field has only begun to materialize within the past 10 years but could be an area of significant impact moving forward, since it provides a means for tuning the properties of molecular complexes via a method that is orthogonal to traditional strategies, thereby providing possibilities for improved catalytic conditions and novel reactivity. In this perspective, we highlight recent developments in this area and offer insights, obtained from our own research, on the challenges and future directions of this emerging field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Weberg
- R, oy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Ryan P Murphy
- R, oy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Neil C Tomson
- R, oy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34th Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
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7
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Shiels OJ, Turner JA, Kelly PD, Blanksby S, da Silva G, Trevitt A. Modelling Reaction Kinetics of Distonic Radical Ions: A Systematic Investigation of Phenyl-type Radical Addition to Unsaturated Hydrocarbons. Faraday Discuss 2022; 238:475-490. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00045h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gas phase ion−molecule reactions are central to chemical processes across many environments. A feature of many of these reactions is an inverse relationship between temperature and reaction rate arising from...
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8
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Ding D, Feng E, Kotha RR, Chapman NC, Jiang H, Nash JJ, Kenttämaa HI. Spin-Spin Coupling Controls the Gas-Phase Reactivity of Aromatic σ-Type Triradicals. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202102968. [PMID: 34786768 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Examination of the reactions of σ-type quinolinium-based triradicals with cyclohexane in the gas phase demonstrated that the radical site that is the least strongly coupled to the other two radical sites reacts first, independent of the intrinsic reactivity of this radical site, in contrast to related biradicals that first react at the most electron-deficient radical site. Abstraction of one or two H atoms and formation of an ion that formally corresponds to a combination of the ion and cyclohexane accompanied by elimination of a H atom ("addition-H") were observed. In all cases except one, the most reactive radical site of the triradicals is intrinsically less reactive than the other two radical sites. The product complex of the first H atom abstraction either dissociates to give the H-atom-abstraction product and the cyclohexyl radical or the more reactive radical site in the produced biradical abstracts a H atom from the cyclohexyl radical. The monoradical product sometimes adds to cyclohexene followed by elimination of a H atom, generating the "addition-H" products. Similar reaction efficiencies were measured for three of the triradicals as for relevant monoradicals. Surprisingly, the remaining three triradicals (all containing a meta-pyridyne moiety) reacted substantially faster than the relevant monoradicals. This is likely due to the exothermic generation of a meta-pyridyne analog that has enough energy to attain the dehydrocarbon atom separation common for H-atom-abstraction transition states of protonated meta-pyridynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanchen Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Erlu Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Raghavendhar R Kotha
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Nathan C Chapman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Hanning Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - John J Nash
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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9
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Van Lommel R, Verschueren RH, De Borggraeve WM, De Vleeschouwer F, Stuyver T. Can the Philicity of Radicals Be Influenced by Oriented External Electric Fields? Org Lett 2021; 24:1-5. [PMID: 34652164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the effects of an electric field on radicals are investigated for a set of model radicals with varying complexity. An electric field impacts the intrinsic philicity of a radical, as quantified by the global electrophilicity index, ω. The extent of change in philicity depends on the directionality and strength of the applied electric field and the dipole moment and polarizability of the radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Van Lommel
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven Chem&Tech, Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rik H Verschueren
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven Chem&Tech, Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim M De Borggraeve
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven Chem&Tech, Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Freija De Vleeschouwer
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thijs Stuyver
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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10
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Chen L, Dang J, Du J, Wang C, Mo Y. Hydrogen and Halogen Bonding in Homogeneous External Electric Fields: Modulating the Bond Strengths. Chemistry 2021; 27:14042-14050. [PMID: 34319620 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed various fascinating phenomena arising from the interactions of noncovalent bonds with homogeneous external electric fields (EEFs). Here we performed a computational study to interpret the sensitivity of intrinsic bond strengths to EEFs in terms of steric effect and orbital interactions. The block-localized wavefunction (BLW) method, which combines the advantages of both ab initio valence bond (VB) theory and molecular orbital (MO) theory, and the subsequent energy decomposition (BLW-ED) approach were adopted. The sensitivity was monitored and analyzed using the induced energy term, which is the variation in each energy component along the EEF strength. Systems with single or multiple hydrogen (H) or halogen (X) bond(s) were also examined. It was found that the X-bond strength change to EEFs mainly stems from the covalency change, while generally the steric effect rules the response of H-bonds to EEFs. Furthermore, X-bonds are more sensitive to EEFs, with the key difference between H- and X-bonds lying in the charge transfer interaction. Since phenylboronic acid has been experimentally used as a smart linker in EEFs, switchable sensitivity was scrutinized with the example of the phenylboronic acid dimer, which exhibits two conformations with either antiparallel or parallel H-bonds, thereby, opposite or consistent responses to EEFs. Among the studied systems, the quadruple X-bonds in molecular capsules exhibit remarkable sensitivity, with its interaction energy increased by -95.2 kJ mol-1 at the EEF strength 0.005 a.u.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jingshuang Dang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Juan Du
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Changwei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
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Mukherjee A, Ghule S, Vanka K. Computational Insights into the Role of External and Local Electric Fields in Macrocyclic Chemical and Biological Systems. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2484-2492. [PMID: 34606681 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of the role of the electric field in systems of widespread interest employing computational techniques is an emerging area of research. The outcome of applying an oriented external electric field (OEEF) on the geometric and electronic properties of the chemically unique π-conjugated cyclic carbon ring compounds has been explored with density functional theory (DFT). Distinct changes in the structural and electronic features of such ring compounds are observed upon the application of OEEFs. Importantly, the calculations indicate that a mixed aliphatic-aromatic conjugated ring converts from a singlet to a triplet after the application of an OEEF, suggesting potential applications in optoelectronics for such molecules, without the need for photochemically induced change in the spin state. Furthermore, the influence of built-in local electric fields (LEFs) present in naturally occurring macrocyclic systems such as valinomycin has also been explored. Static and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) calculations indicate that LEFs are the primary driving factor in determining the energetically favoured position of counter anions such as chloride (Cl- ) in the potassium (K+ ) and sodium (Na+ ) coordinated valinomycin macrocycle structures: they exist inside the cage in the case of K+ sequestration by valinomycin and outside for Na+ . This divergence has been proposed to be the determining factor for the selectivity of the valinomycin macrocycle for binding a K+ cation over Na+ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagh Mukherjee
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Siddharth Ghule
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Kumar Vanka
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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