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Bai Y, Nasr P, King G, Reid JW, Leontowich AFG, Corradini MG, Weiss RG, Auzanneau FI, Rogers MA. Halogen- and hydrogen-bonded self-assembled fibrillar networks of substituted 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidene-D-sorbitols (DBS). NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16933-16946. [PMID: 37850382 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03988a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Substituting the sole primary hydroxyl group of the low molecular weight organogelator (LMOG), 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidene-D-sorbitol (DBS), with a halogen atom (Cl, Br, or I; i.e., 6-Cl-DBS, 6-Br-DBS, or 6-I-DBS) drastically alters the supramolecular self-assembled fibrillar network (SAFiN) that forms when the molecules aggregate. The SAFiN varies depending on the solvent properties, impacting the role of non-covalent hydrogen- and halogen-bonding interactions along and between fibers. The halogenated DBS derivatives have more coherent crystalline fibers than DBS, with larger length-to-width aspect ratios. High-resolution synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction of each wet-state gel in toluene and DFT optimization obtained complete structures for the three halogenated DBS derivatives in their SAFiNs. The presence of a halogen atom reduces the reliance on hydrogen bonding by enabling new halogen bonding interactions that impact the self-assembly behavior, especially in solvents of higher polarity. For 6-I-DBS and 6-Br-DBS, the primary forces driving molecular self-assembly are C-H⋯π and intermolecular halogen-to-halogen interactions, and there is one unique molecule in each unit cell. However, the Cl atoms of 6-Cl-DBS are not close, and its SAFiN structures rely more on hydrogen bonding. As a result, the enhanced hydrogen bonding, electronic differences among the halogens, and spatial factors allow its unit cell to include two independent molecules of 6-Cl-DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bai
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
| | - P Nasr
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
| | - G King
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 2V3
| | - J W Reid
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 2V3
| | | | - M G Corradini
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
- Arrell Food Institute, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - R G Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA, 20057-1227
| | - F-I Auzanneau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - M A Rogers
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
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Hill MJ, Fuentes-Caparrós AM, Adams DJ. Effect of Imposing Spatial Constraints on Low Molecular Weight Gels. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4253-4262. [PMID: 37595056 PMCID: PMC10498449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
We outline the effect of imposing spatial constraints during gelation on hydrogels formed by dipeptide-based low molecular weight gelators. The gels were formed via either a solvent switch or a change in pH and formed in different sized vessels to produce gels of different thickness while maintaining the same volume. The different methods of gelation led to gels with different underlying microstructure. Confocal microscopy was used to visualize the resulting microstructures, while the corresponding mechanical properties were probed via cavitation rheology. We show that solvent-switch-triggered gels are sensitive to imposed spatial constraints, in both altered microstructure and mechanical properties, while their pH-triggered equivalents are not. These results are significant because it is often necessary to form gels of different thicknesses for different analytical techniques. Also, gels of different thicknesses are utilized between various applications of these materials. Our data show that it is important to consider the spatial constraints imposed in these situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J.
S. Hill
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | | | - Dave J. Adams
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
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Patterson AK, Smith DK. Two-component supramolecular hydrogel for controlled drug release. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 56:11046-11049. [PMID: 32810197 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03962d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid gel has been developed by combining two supramolecular gelators. Each gelator endows the hybrid gel with its own characteristics. One gelator enables pH-mediated controlled release of the active pharmaceutical ingredient naproxen, while the other new gelator enhances mechanical stability. Self-assembly thus gives multi-functional gels with potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - David K Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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Morris J, Bietsch J, Bashaw K, Wang G. Recently Developed Carbohydrate Based Gelators and Their Applications. Gels 2021; 7:24. [PMID: 33652820 PMCID: PMC8006029 DOI: 10.3390/gels7010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate based low molecular weight gelators have been an intense subject of study over the past decade. The self-assembling systems built from natural products have high significance as biocompatible materials and renewable resources. The versatile structures available from naturally existing monosaccharides have enriched the molecular libraries that can be used for the construction of gelators. The bottom-up strategy in designing low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs) for a variety of applications has been adopted by many researchers. Rational design, along with some serendipitous discoveries, has resulted in multiple classes of molecular gelators. This review covers the literature from 2017-2020 on monosaccharide based gelators, including common hexoses, pentoses, along with some disaccharides and their derivatives. The structure-based design and structure to gelation property relationships are reviewed first, followed by stimuli-responsive gelators. The last section focuses on the applications of the sugar based gelators, including their utilization in environmental remediation, ion sensing, catalysis, drug delivery and 3D-printing. We will also review the available LMWGs and their structure correlations to the desired properties for different applications. This review aims at elucidating the design principles and structural features that are pertinent to various applications and hope to provide certain guidelines for researchers that are working at the interface of chemistry, biochemistry, and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guijun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA; (J.M.); (J.B.); (K.B.)
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