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Shaukat U, Sölle B, Rossegger E, Rana S, Schlögl S. Vat Photopolymerization 3D-Printing of Dynamic Thiol-Acrylate Photopolymers Using Bio-Derived Building Blocks. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245377. [PMID: 36559744 PMCID: PMC9784638 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As an energy-efficient additive manufacturing process, vat photopolymerization 3D-printing has become a convenient technology to fabricate functional devices with high resolution and freedom in design. However, due to their permanently crosslinked network structure, photopolymers are not easily reprocessed or repaired. To improve the environmental footprint of 3D-printed objects, herein, we combine the dynamic nature of hydroxyl ester links, undergoing a catalyzed transesterification at elevated temperature, with an acrylate monomer derived from renewable resources. As a sustainable building block, we synthesized an acrylated linseed oil and mixed it with selected thiol crosslinkers. By careful selection of the transesterification catalyst, we obtained dynamic thiol-acrylate resins with a high cure rate and decent storage stability, which enabled the digital light processing (DLP) 3D-printing of objects with a structure size of 550 µm. Owing to their dynamic covalent bonds, the thiol-acrylate networks were able to relax 63% of their initial stress within 22 min at 180 °C and showed enhanced toughness after thermal annealing. We exploited the thermo-activated reflow of the dynamic networks to heal and re-shape the 3D-printed objects. The dynamic thiol-acrylate photopolymers also demonstrated promising healing, shape memory, and re-shaping properties, thus offering great potential for various industrial fields such as soft robotics and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Shaukat
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Bernhard Sölle
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Sravendra Rana
- School of Engineering, Energy Acres, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, India
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (S.S.); Tel.: +91-9720524191 (S.R.); Tel.: +43-3842-402-2354 (S.S.)
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH, Roseggerstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (S.S.); Tel.: +91-9720524191 (S.R.); Tel.: +43-3842-402-2354 (S.S.)
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Dugas LD, Walker WD, Shankar R, Hoppmeyer KS, Thornell TL, Morgan SE, Storey RF, Patton DL, Simon YC. Diketoenamine-based Vitrimers via Thiol-ene photopolymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200249. [PMID: 35856189 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Likened to both thermosets and thermoplastics, vitrimers are a unique class of materials that combine remarkable stability, healability, and reprocessability. Herein, we describe a photopolymerized thiol-ene-based vitrimer that undergoes dynamic covalent exchanges through uncatalyzed transamination of enamines derived from cyclic β-triketones, whereby the low energy barrier for exchange facilitates reprocessing and enables rapid depolymerization. Accordingly, we devised an alkene-functionalized β-triketone, 5,5-dimethyl-2-(pent-4-enoyl)cyclohexane-1,3-dione, which was reacted with 1,6-diaminohexane in a stoichiometrically imbalanced fashion (∼1:0.85 primary amine:triketone). The resulting networks exhibited subambient glass transition temperature (Tg = 5.66°C) by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Using a Maxwell stress-relaxation fit, the topology freezing temperature (Tv ) was calculated to be -32°C. Small-amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) rheological analysis enabled us to identify a practical critical temperature above which the vitrimer could be successfully reprocessed (Tv,eff ). Via the introduction of excess primary amines, we could readily degrade the networks into monomeric precursors, which were in turn reacted with diamines to regenerate reprocessable networks. Photopolymerization provides unique spatiotemporal control over the network topology, thereby opening the path for further investigation of vitrimer properties. As such, this work expands the toolbox of chemical upcycling of networks and enables their wider implementation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan D Dugas
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - William D Walker
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Rahul Shankar
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Keely S Hoppmeyer
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Travis L Thornell
- US Army, Engineering Research & Development Center, Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Sarah E Morgan
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Robson F Storey
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Derek L Patton
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Yoan C Simon
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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Li F, Nguyen GTM, Vancaeyzeele C, Vidal F, Plesse C. Photopolymerizable Ionogel with Healable Properties Based on Dioxaborolane Vitrimer Chemistry. Gels 2022; 8:gels8060381. [PMID: 35735725 PMCID: PMC9222776 DOI: 10.3390/gels8060381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionogels are solid polymer gel networks loaded with ionic liquid (IL) percolating throughout each other, giving rise to ionically conducting solid electrolytes. They combine the mechanical properties of polymer networks with the ionic conductivity, non-volatility, and non-flammability of ILs. In the frame of their applications in electrochemical-based flexible electronics, ionogels are usually subjected to repeated deformation, making them susceptible to damage. It appears critical to devise a simple and effective strategy to improve their durability and lifespan by imparting them with healing ability through vitrimer chemistry. In this work, we report the original in situ synthesis of polythioether (PTE)-based vitrimer ionogels using fast photopolymerization through thiol-acrylate Michael addition. PTE-based vitrimer was prepared with a constant amount of the trithiol crosslinker and varied proportions of static dithiol spacers and dynamic chain extender BDB containing dynamic exchangeable boronic ester groups. The dynamic ionogels were prepared using 50 wt% of either 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide or 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, both of which were selected for their high ionic conductivity. They are completely amorphous (Tg below -30 °C), suggesting they can be used at low temperatures. They are stretchable with an elongation at break around 60%, soft with Young's modulus between 0.4 and 0.6 MPa, and they have high ionic conductivities for solid state electrolytes in the order of 10-4 S·cm-1 at room temperature. They display dynamic properties typical of the vitrimer network, such as stress relaxation and healing, retained despite the large quantity of IL. The design concept illustrated in this work further enlarges the library of vitrimer ionogels and could potentially open a new path for the development of more sustainable, flexible electrochemical-based electronics with extended service life through repair or reprocessing.
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Kimura T, Hayashi M. Exploring the effects of bound rubber phase on the physical properties of nano-silica composites with a vitrimer-like bond exchangeable matrix. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00654-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Moazzen K, Rossegger E, Alabiso W, Shaukat U, Schlögl S. Role of Organic Phosphates and Phosphonates in Catalyzing Dynamic Exchange Reactions in Thiol‐Click Vitrimers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Moazzen
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
| | - Walter Alabiso
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
| | - Usman Shaukat
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstrasse 12 Leoben 8700 Austria
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Rossegger E, Höller R, Reisinger D, Fleisch M, Strasser J, Wieser V, Griesser T, Schlögl S. High resolution additive manufacturing with acrylate based vitrimers using organic phosphates as transesterification catalyst. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Rossegger E, Moazzen K, Fleisch M, Schlögl S. Locally controlling dynamic exchange reactions in 3D printed thiol-acrylate vitrimers using dual-wavelength digital light processing. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00427a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A photolatent transesterification catalyst is applied to locally switch on and control topological rearrangements in 3D printable thiol-acrylate vitrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
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Rossegger E, Höller R, Reisinger D, Strasser J, Fleisch M, Griesser T, Schlögl S. Digital light processing 3D printing with thiol–acrylate vitrimers. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01520b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The customized fabrication of soft active devices with self-healing function is demonstrated by 3D printing with vitrimeric thiol–acrylate photopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Höller
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | | | - Jakob Strasser
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | | | - Thomas Griesser
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH
- A-8700 Leoben
- Austria
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