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Jiang H, Abdullah AM, Ding Y, Chung C, L Dunn M, Yu K. 3D Printing of continuous fiber composites using two-stage UV curable resin. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:5508-5520. [PMID: 37791456 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01304a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
3D printing allows for moldless fabrication of continuous fiber composites with high design freedom and low manufacturing cost per part, which makes it particularly well-suited for rapid prototyping and composite product development. Compared to thermal-curable resins, UV-curable resins enable the 3D printing of composites with high fiber content and faster manufacturing speeds. However, the printed composites exhibit low mechanical strength and weak interfacial bonding for high-performance engineering applications. In addition, they are typically not reprocessable or repairable; if they could be, it would dramatically benefit the rapid prototyping of composite products with improved durability, reliability, cost savings, and streamlined workflow. In this study, we demonstrate that the recently emerged two-stage UV-curable resin is an ideal material candidate to tackle these grand challenges in 3D printing of thermoset composites with continuous carbon fiber. The resin consists primarily of acrylate monomers and crosslinkers with exchangeable covalent bonds. During the printing process, composite filaments containing up to 30.9% carbon fiber can be rapidly deposited and solidified through UV irradiation. After printing, the printed composites are subjected to post-heating. Their mechanical stiffness, strength, and inter-filament bonding are significantly enhanced due to the bond exchange reactions within the thermoset matrix. Furthermore, the utilization of the two-stage curable resin enables the repair, reshaping, and recycling of 3D printed thermosetting composites. This study represents the first detailed study to explore the benefits of using two-stage UV curable resins for composite printing. The fundamental understanding could potentially be extended to other types of two-stage curable resins with different molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA.
| | - Arif M Abdullah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA.
| | - Yuchen Ding
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA.
| | - Christopher Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA.
| | - Martin L Dunn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA.
| | - Kai Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA.
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2
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de Heer Kloots MHP, Schoustra SK, Dijksman JA, Smulders MMJ. Phase separation in supramolecular and covalent adaptable networks. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2857-2877. [PMID: 37060135 PMCID: PMC10131172 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00047h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phase separation phenomena have been studied widely in the field of polymer science, and were recently also reported for dynamic polymer networks (DPNs). The mechanisms of phase separation in dynamic polymer networks are of particular interest as the reversible nature of the network can participate in the structuring of the micro- and macroscale domains. In this review, we highlight the underlying mechanisms of phase separation in dynamic polymer networks, distinguishing between supramolecular polymer networks and covalent adaptable networks (CANs). Also, we address the synergistic effects between phase separation and reversible bond exchange. We furthermore discuss the effects of phase separation on the material properties, and how this knowledge can be used to enhance and tune material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn H P de Heer Kloots
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sybren K Schoustra
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joshua A Dijksman
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten M J Smulders
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Pascual-Jose B, De la Flor S, Serra A, Ribes-Greus A. Analysis of Poly(thiourethane) Covalent Adaptable Network through Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:1125-1134. [PMID: 36817338 PMCID: PMC9926874 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The dielectric spectra of the poly(thiourethane) network, HDI-S3, have been analyzed to know the nature and the cooperativity of each of the six dielectric processes observed. At low temperatures, γ1, γ2, and β dielectric relaxations were attributed to noncooperative local motions in the glassy state, in which apparent activation energies are 30, 36, and 60 kJ·mol-1, respectively. At higher temperatures, three dielectric relaxations are observed (αTg, α*, ρ). The αTg relaxation is attributed to the glass transition, and it is overlapped with the α* relaxation. The molecular origin of α* relaxation is associated with the bond exchange reaction. Finally, the ρ relaxation is ascribed to the heterogeneity of the sample although its origin is uncertain. The DC conductivity (σDC) is found to be an appropriate variable to analyze the bond exchange reaction. Accordingly, the HDI-S3 has a molecular exchange mechanism of dissociative nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Pascual-Jose
- Institute
of Technology of Materials (ITM), Universitat
Politècnica de València (UPV), Camí de Vera, s/n, 46022València, Spain
| | - S. De la Flor
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira
i Virgili (URV), Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007Tarragona, Spain
| | - A. Serra
- Department
of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat
Rovira i Virgili (URV), C/ Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007Tarragona, Spain
| | - A. Ribes-Greus
- Institute
of Technology of Materials (ITM), Universitat
Politècnica de València (UPV), Camí de Vera, s/n, 46022València, Spain
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Zhang J, Shi X, Lu H, Yu K, Fu YQ. Self-Toughening and Interfacial Welding of Covalent Adaptable Networks Undergoing Hydro-Chemo-Mechanical Coupling. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin150080, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin150080, PR China
| | - Haibao Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin150080, PR China
| | - Kai Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado80217, United States
| | - Yong-Qing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon TyneNE1 8ST, U.K
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5
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Sharma H, Rana S, Singh P, Hayashi M, Binder WH, Rossegger E, Kumar A, Schlögl S. Self-healable fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites: overview and future prospects. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32569-32582. [PMID: 36425695 PMCID: PMC9661690 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05103f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To achieve sustainable development goals, approaches towards the preparation of recyclable and healable polymeric materials is highly attractive. Self-healing polymers and thermosets based on bond-exchangeable dynamic covalent bonds, so called "vitrimers" could be a great effort in this direction. In order to match the industrial importance, enhancement of mechanical strength without sacrificing the bond exchange capability is a challenging issue, however, such concerns can be overcome through the developments of fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites. This article covers the outstanding features of fiber-reinforced vitrimer composites, including their reprocessing, recycling and self-healing properties, together with practical applications and future perspectives of this unique class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Sharma
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Sravendra Rana
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Poonam Singh
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Mikihiro Hayashi
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduated School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555 Japan
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4 Halle 06120 Germany
| | - Elisabeth Rossegger
- Chemistry of Functional Polymers, Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 A-8700 Leoben Austria
| | - Ajay Kumar
- University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering Energy Acres, Bidholi Dehradun 248007 India
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Chemistry of Functional Polymers, Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Roseggerstraße 12 A-8700 Leoben Austria
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Isogai T, Hayashi M. Critical Effects of Branch Numbers at the Cross-Link Point on the Relaxation Behaviors of Transesterification Vitrimers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taketo Isogai
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Hayashi
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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Shi X, He X, Luo C, Chung C, Ding Y, Yu K. Influences of material and processing conditions on the depolymerization speed of anhydride-cured epoxy during the solvent-assisted recycling. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Luo C, Chung C, Yakacki CM, Long K, Yu K. Real-Time Alignment and Reorientation of Polymer Chains in Liquid Crystal Elastomers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:1961-1972. [PMID: 34931796 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) exhibit soft elasticity due to the alignment and reorientation of mesogens upon mechanical loading, which provides additional mechanisms to absorb and dissipate energy. This enhanced response makes LCEs potentially transformative materials for biomedical devices, tissue replacements, and protective equipment. However, there is a critical knowledge gap in understanding the highly rate-dependent dissipative behaviors of LCEs due to the lack of real-time characterization techniques that probe the microscale network structure and link it to the mechanical deformation of LCEs. In this work, we employ in situ optical measurements to evaluate the alignment and reorientation degree of mesogens in LCEs. The data are correlated to the quantitative physical analysis using polarized Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The time scale of mesogen alignment is determined at different strain levels and loading rates. The mesogen reorientation kinetics is characterized to establish its relationship with the macroscale tensile strain, and compared to theoretical predictions. Overall, this work provides the first detailed study on the time-dependent evolution of mesogen alignment and reorientation in deformed LCEs. It also provides an effective and more accessible approach for other researchers to investigate the structural-property relationships of different types of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqian Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
| | - Christopher Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
| | - Christopher M Yakacki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
| | - Kevin Long
- Materials and Failure Modeling Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Kai Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
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9
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Liang S, Feng F, Jiang Z, Wang B, Sun H, Lu G, Li J, Liu Z. In situ mechanical reinforcement of polyimine vitrimer via bioinspired crosslink mineralization. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Liang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Jilin University Changchun PR China
| | - Fan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Jilin University Changchun PR China
| | - Zhengshun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Jilin University Changchun PR China
| | - Bingdi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Jilin University Changchun PR China
| | - Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Jilin University Changchun PR China
| | - Guolong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Jilin University Changchun PR China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Jilin University Changchun PR China
| | - Zhenning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Jilin University Changchun PR China
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10
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Zhao S, Yang H, Wang D, Russell TP. A simple, efficient route to modify the properties of epoxy dynamic polymer networks. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:382-389. [PMID: 34897356 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01402a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A simple and efficient strategy to modify epoxy dynamic polymer networks (DPNs) is presented. The introduction of the flexible epoxidized form of naturally occurring soybean oil (ESO) into epoxy DPNs markedly improves their mechanical properties, stress relaxation rate and malleability. Specifically, at 7.5 wt% ESO loading, the elongation at break of the as-produced epoxy-ESO DPNs was increased from 10% to 108%, the stress relaxation time decreased from 6100 s to 2570 s at 120 °C, and the reprocessing temperature was reduced by 26 °C, which is advantageous for expanding the scope of applications of these materials, especially for reducing the energy consumption during reprocessing. At this composition, the epoxy-ESO DPNs also showed excellent self-healing, welding and chemical degradation properties. This work provides a novel pathway to fabricate epoxy-based DPNs with high performance in an energy-conserving manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Hongkun Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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