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Conboy JP, Istúriz Petitjean I, van der Net A, Koenderink GH. How cytoskeletal crosstalk makes cells move: Bridging cell-free and cell studies. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2024; 5:021307. [PMID: 38840976 PMCID: PMC11151447 DOI: 10.1063/5.0198119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Cell migration is a fundamental process for life and is highly dependent on the dynamical and mechanical properties of the cytoskeleton. Intensive physical and biochemical crosstalk among actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments ensures their coordination to facilitate and enable migration. In this review, we discuss the different mechanical aspects that govern cell migration and provide, for each mechanical aspect, a novel perspective by juxtaposing two complementary approaches to the biophysical study of cytoskeletal crosstalk: live-cell studies (often referred to as top-down studies) and cell-free studies (often referred to as bottom-up studies). We summarize the main findings from both experimental approaches, and we provide our perspective on bridging the two perspectives to address the open questions of how cytoskeletal crosstalk governs cell migration and makes cells move.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Conboy
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Istúriz Petitjean
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk van der Net
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsje H. Koenderink
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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Ishizaka T, Hatori K. Direct observation of oriented behavior of actin filaments interacting with desmin intermediate filaments. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130488. [PMID: 37838354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between actin filaments (AFs) and intermediate filaments (IFs) are frequently observed in living cells. The crosstalk between these cytoskeletal components underpins cellular organization and dynamics; however, the molecular basis of filamentous interactions is not fully understood. Here, we describe the mode of interaction between AFs and desmin IFs (DIFs) in a reconstituted in vitro system. METHODS AFs (rabbit skeletal muscle) and DIFs (chicken gizzard) were labeled with fluorescent dyes. DIFs were immobilized on a heavy meromyosin (HMM)-coated collodion surface. HMM-driven AFs with ATP hydrolysis was assessed in the presence of DIFs. Images of single filaments were obtained using fluorescence microscopy. Vector changes in the trajectories of single AFs were calculated from microscopy images. RESULTS AF speed transiently decreased upon contact with DIF. The difference between the incoming and outgoing angles of a moving AF broadened upon contact with a DIF. A smaller incoming angle tended to result in a smaller outgoing angle in a nematic manner. The percentage of moving AFs decreased with an increasing DIF density, but the speed of the moving AFs was similar to that in the no-desmin control. An abundance of DIFs tended to exclude AFs from the HMM-coated surfaces. CONCLUSIONS DIFs agitate the movement of AFs with the orientation. DIFs can bind to HMMs and weaken actin-myosin interactions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The study indicates that apart from the binding strength, the accumulation of weak interactions characteristic of filamentous structures may affect the dynamic organization of cell architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Ishizaka
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Hatori
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Japan.
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Shi R, Reichardt M, Fiegle DJ, Küpfer LK, Czajka T, Sun Z, Salditt T, Dendorfer A, Seidel T, Bruegmann T. Contractility measurements for cardiotoxicity screening with ventricular myocardial slices of pigs. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:2469-2481. [PMID: 37934066 PMCID: PMC10651213 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cardiotoxicity is one major reason why drugs do not enter or are withdrawn from the market. Thus, approaches are required to predict cardiotoxicity with high specificity and sensitivity. Ideally, such methods should be performed within intact cardiac tissue with high relevance for humans and detect acute and chronic side effects on electrophysiological behaviour, contractility, and tissue structure in an unbiased manner. Herein, we evaluate healthy pig myocardial slices and biomimetic cultivation setups (BMCS) as a new cardiotoxicity screening approach. METHODS AND RESULTS Pig left ventricular samples were cut into slices and spanned into BMCS with continuous electrical pacing and online force recording. Automated stimulation protocols were established to determine the force-frequency relationship (FFR), frequency dependence of contraction duration, effective refractory period (ERP), and pacing threshold. Slices generated 1.3 ± 0.14 mN/mm2 force at 0.5 Hz electrical pacing and showed a positive FFR and a shortening of contraction duration with increasing pacing rates. Approximately 62% of slices were able to contract for at least 6 days while showing stable ERP, contraction duration-frequency relationship, and preserved cardiac structure confirmed by confocal imaging and X-ray diffraction analysis. We used specific blockers of the most important cardiac ion channels to determine which analysis parameters are influenced. To validate our approach, we tested five drug candidates selected from the Comprehensive in vitro Proarrhythmia Assay list as well as acetylsalicylic acid and DMSO as controls in a blinded manner in three independent laboratories. We were able to detect all arrhythmic drugs and their respective mode of action on cardiac tissue including inhibition of Na+, Ca2+, and hERG channels as well as Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. CONCLUSION We systematically evaluate this approach for cardiotoxicity screening, which is of high relevance for humans and can be upscaled to medium-throughput screening. Thus, our approach will improve the predictive value and efficiency of preclinical cardiotoxicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhu Shi
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- International Research Training Group 1816, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marius Reichardt
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for X-ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dominik J Fiegle
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Linda K Küpfer
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Titus Czajka
- Institute for X-ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zhengwu Sun
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, Hospital of the University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Salditt
- Institute for X-ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence ‘Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells’ (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Dendorfer
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, Hospital of the University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Seidel
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence ‘Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells’ (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Wasilewska M, Żeliszewska P, Pogoda K, Deptuła P, Bucki R, Adamczyk Z. Human Vimentin Layers on Solid Substrates: Adsorption Kinetics and Corona Formation Investigations. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3308-3317. [PMID: 35829774 PMCID: PMC9364323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Adsorption kinetics of human vimentin on negatively charged
substrates
(mica, silica, and polymer particles) was analyzed using atomic force
microscopy (AFM), quartz microbalance (QCM), and the laser doppler
velocimetry (LDV) method. AFM studies realized under diffusion conditions
proved that the adsorbed protein layer mainly consisted of aggregates
in the form of compact tetramers and hexamers of a size equal to 11–12
nm. These results were consistent with vimentin adsorption kinetics
under flow conditions investigated by QCM. It was established that
vimentin aggregates efficiently adsorbed on the negatively charged
silica sensor at pH 3.5 and 7.4, forming compact layers with the coverage
reaching 3.5 mg m–2. Additionally, the formation
of the vimentin corona at polymer particles was examined using the
LDV method and interpreted in terms of the electrokinetic model. This
allowed us to determine the zeta potential of the corona as a function
of pH and the electrokinetic charge of aggregates, which was equal
to −0.7 e nm–2 at pH 7.4 in a 10 mM NaCl
solution. The anomalous adsorption of aggregates exhibiting an average
negative charge on the negatively charged substrates was interpreted
as a result of a heterogeneous charge distribution. These investigations
confirmed that it is feasible to deposit stable vimentin layers both
at planar substrates and at carrier particles with well-controlled
coverage and zeta potential. They can be used for investigations of
vimentin interactions with various ligands including receptors of
the innate immune system, immunoglobulins, bacterial virulence factors,
and spike proteins of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Wasilewska
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paulina Żeliszewska
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pogoda
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Deptuła
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, PL-15222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, PL-15222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Adamczyk
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-30239 Krakow, Poland
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Fluorescence microscopic imaging of single desmin intermediate filaments elongated by the presence of divalent cations in vitro. Biophys Chem 2022; 287:106839. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2022.106839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mücke N, Wocjan T, Jacquier M, Herrmann H, Portet S. A general mathematical model for the in vitro assembly dynamics of intermediate filament proteins. Biophys J 2022; 121:1094-1104. [PMID: 35124070 PMCID: PMC8943748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filament (IF) proteins assemble into highly flexible filaments that organize into complex cytoplasmic networks: keratins in all types of epithelia, vimentin in endothelia, and desmin in muscle. Since IF elongation proceeds via end-to-end annealing of unit-length filaments and successively of progressively growing filaments, it is important to know how their remarkable flexibility, i.e., their persistence length lp, influences the assembly kinetics. In fact, their lp ranges between 0.3 μm (keratin K8/K18) and 1.0 μm (vimentin and desmin), and thus is orders of magnitude lower than that of microtubules and F-actin. Here, we present a unique mathematical model, which implements the semiflexible nature of the three IF types based on published semiflexible polymers theories and depends on a single free parameter k0. Calibrating this model to filament mean length dynamics of the three proteins, we demonstrate that the persistence length is indeed essential to accurately describe their assembly kinetics. Furthermore, we reveal that the difference in flexibility alone does not explain the significantly faster assembly rate of keratin filaments compared with that of vimentin. Likewise, desmin assembles approximately six times faster than vimentin, even though both their filaments exhibit the same lp value. These data strongly indicate that differences in their individual amino acid sequences significantly impact the assembly rates. Nevertheless, using a single k0 value for each of these three key representatives of the IF protein family, our advanced model does accurately describe the length distribution and mean length dynamics and provides effective filament assembly rates. It thus provides a tool for future investigations on the impact of posttranslational modifications or amino acid changes of IF proteins on assembly kinetics. This is an important issue, as the discovery of mutations in IF genes causing severe human disease, particularly for desmin and keratins, is steadily increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Mücke
- Chromatin Networks, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Biophysics of Macromolecules, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tomasz Wocjan
- Biophysics of Macromolecules, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Harald Herrmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stéphanie Portet
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Multiscale mechanics and temporal evolution of vimentin intermediate filament networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2102026118. [PMID: 34187892 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102026118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton, an intricate network of protein filaments, motor proteins, and cross-linkers, largely determines the mechanical properties of cells. Among the three filamentous components, F-actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments (IFs), the IF network is by far the most extensible and resilient to stress. We present a multiscale approach to disentangle the three main contributions to vimentin IF network mechanics-single-filament mechanics, filament length, and interactions between filaments-including their temporal evolution. Combining particle tracking, quadruple optical trapping, and computational modeling, we derive quantitative information on the strength and kinetics of filament interactions. Specifically, we find that hydrophobic contributions to network mechanics enter mostly via filament-elongation kinetics, whereas electrostatics have a direct influence on filament-filament interactions.
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Heindl LM, Platzl C, Wolfmeier H, Herwig-Carl MC, Kaser-Eichberger A, Strohmaier C, Schroedl F. Choroidal melanocytes: subpopulations of different origin? Ann Anat 2021; 238:151775. [PMID: 34082079 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human choroid derives from the mesectoderm, except the melanocytes originating from the neuroectoderm. To date, it is unclear whether all choroidal melanocytes share the same origin or might have different origins. The purpose of this study was to screen immunohistochemically for mesenchymal elements in the adult healthy human choroid, in the malignant melanoma of the choroid, as well as in the developing human fetal choroid. METHODS Human choroids were obtained from cornea donors and prepared as flat whole mounts for paraffin- and cryoembedding. Globes enucleated for choroidal melanoma and eyes from human fetuses between 11 and 20 weeks of gestation were also embedded in paraffin. Sections were processed for immunohistochemistry of the mesenchymal marker vimentin, the melanocyte marker Melan-A, and the macrophage marker CD68, followed by light-, fluorescence-, and confocal laser scanning-microscopy. RESULTS The normal choroid contained 499 ± 139 vimentin, 384 ± 78 Melan-A, and 129 ± 57 CD68 immunoreactive cells/mm2. The vimentin immunopositive cell density was significantly higher than the density of Melan-A and CD68 immunopositive cells (p < 0.001, respectively). By confocal microscopy, 24 ± 8% of all choroidal melanocytes displayed vimentin immunoreactivity. In choroidal melanomas, numerous melanoma cells of the epithelioid and spindle cell type revealed immunopositivity for both vimentin and Melan-A. The intratumoral density of vimentin immunoreactive cells was 1758 ± 106 cells/mm2, significantly higher than the density of Melan-A and CD68 immunopositive cells (p < 0.001, respectively). Comparing to healthy choroidal tissue, the choroidal melanomas revealed significantly higher densities of vimentin, Melan-A, and CD68 immunoreactive cells (p < 0.001, respectively). In the developing human fetal choroid, numerous vimentin and Melan-A immunopositive cells were detected not before the 16th week of gestation, with some of them showing colocalization of vimentin and Melan-A. CONCLUSIONS The adult healthy human choroid is endowed with a significant number of vimentin immunopositive mesenchymal structures, including a subpopulation of vimentin immunoreactive choroidal melanocytes. These vimentin immunopositive melanocytic cells are also present in choroidal melanomas as well as in the developing human fetal choroid. Therefore, different embryologic origins can be considered for choroidal melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig M Heindl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Christian Platzl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Heidi Wolfmeier
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Martina C Herwig-Carl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Ophthalmic Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria.
| | - Falk Schroedl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
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