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Wan Y, Wang M, Ding P, Qiu Y, Guo X, Cohen Stuart M, Wang J. Robust Electrostatic-Templated Polymerization for Controllable Synthesis of Stable and Permeable Polyelectrolyte Vesicles. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:703-710. [PMID: 38767665 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Polymer vesicles are of profound interest for designing delivery vehicles and nanoreactors toward a variety of biomedical and catalytic applications, yet robust synthesis of stable and permeable vesicles remains challenging. Here, we propose an electrostatic-templated polymerization that enables fabrication of polyelectrolyte vesicles with simultaneously regulated stability and permeability. In our design, cationic monomers were copolymerized with cross-linkers in the presence of a polyanionic-neutral diblock copolymer as a template. By properly choosing the block length ratio of the template, we fabricated a type of polyion complex vesicle consisting of a cross-linked cationic membrane, electrostatically assembled with the template copolymer which can be removed by sequential dissociation and separation under concentrated salt. We finally obtained stable polyelectrolyte vesicles of regulated size, membrane permeability, and response properties by tuning the synthesis factors including ionic strength, cross-linker type, and fraction as well as different monomers and concentrations. As a proof-of-concept, lipase was loaded in the designed cationic vesicles, which exhibited enhanced enzyme stability and activity. Our study has developed a novel and robust strategy for controllable synthesis of a new class of stable and permeable polymer (polyelectrolyte) vesicles that feature great potential applications as functional delivery carriers and nanoreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wan
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwei Wang
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Ding
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuening Qiu
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhong Guo
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Martien Cohen Stuart
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyou Wang
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Rofeal M, Abdelmalek F, Pietrasik J, Steinbüchel A. A comparative study between two carboxymethylated polysaccharides/protein electrostatic and cross-linked nanogels constructed for caffeic acid and eugenol delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125585. [PMID: 37379949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
In response to the pressing demand for functional nanomaterials synthesis and applications, two polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) [electrostatic and cross-linked nanogels (NGs)] loaded individually with caffeic acid (CafA) and eugenol (Eug) demonstrating multifunctionalities were proposed for the first time. Curdlan (Curd) and glucomannan (GM) were carboxymethylated (CMCurd and CMGM) successfully and polymeric ratios of 1:1 and 4:1 (v/v) for chitosan (Cs): CMCurd and lactoferrin (Lf): CMGM were selected for the synthesis of Cs/CMCurd and Lf/CMGM NGs. Due to the use of EDC/NHS, Cs/CMCurd/CafA and Lf/CMGM/Eug NGs possessed very uniform particles sizes of 177 ± 18 and 230 ± 17 nm with marked encapsulation efficiencies (EEs) of 76 ± 4 and 88 ± 3 %, respectively. The formation of a carbonyl-amide linkage in both cross-linked NGs was confirmed by FTIR. It should be noted, the self-assembly was not reliable in retaining enough of the encapsulated compounds. Owing to the excellent physicochemical characteristics of the loaded cross-linked NGs, they were prioritized over the electrostatic ones. Both Cs/CMCurd/CafA and Lf/CMGM/Eug NGs exhibited high colloidal stability over 12 weeks, elevated hemocompatibility, and in vitro serum stability. The generated NGs were also tailored to possess controlled release profiles for CafA and Eug over 72 h. Cs/CMCurd/CafA and Lf/CMGM/Eug NGs had promising antioxidant efficacies and could remarkably inhibit 4 bacterial pathogens at low 2-16 μg/mL concentration of encapsulated NGs compared to their unencapsulated counterparts. Interestingly, the respective NGs could significantly decline the IC50 against colorectal cancer HCT-116 than conventional drugs. Based on these data, it was conferred that the investigated NGs could be promising candidates for functional foods and pharmaceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Rofeal
- International Center for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM)-International Research Agenda, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, Lodz 90-924, Poland; Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 21521, Egypt.
| | - Fady Abdelmalek
- International Center for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM)-International Research Agenda, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, Lodz 90-924, Poland.
| | - Joanna Pietrasik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Alexander Steinbüchel
- International Center for Research on Innovative Biobased Materials (ICRI-BioM)-International Research Agenda, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, Lodz 90-924, Poland
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Wang X, Guo X, Cohen Stuart MA, Wang J, Ding P. Cationic Nanogels Enable Gold Nanoparticle Immobilization and Regulated Catalytic Activity. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081935. [PMID: 37112082 PMCID: PMC10145971 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte nanogel consisting of charged network is a prospective platform for developing nanoreactor due to their integrated features of both polyelectrolyte and hydrogel. In this work, cationic poly (methacrylatoethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) (PMETAC) nanogels with regulated size (30-82 nm) and crosslinking degree (10-50%), has been synthesized by Electrostatic Assembly Directed Polymerization (EADP) method and applied to load gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Based on the typical reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), the catalytic performance of the constructed nanoreactor was examined by studying their kinetic process, where the loaded AuNPs exhibited dependent activity on crosslinking degree of nanogels, while independent catalytic activity on nanogel size. Our results validate that, polyelectrolyte nanogels are capable of loading metal NPs and regulating their catalytic performance, therefore demonstrates potential for developing functional nanoreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuhong Guo
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Martien A Cohen Stuart
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Junyou Wang
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Peng Ding
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Xu B, Gao Y, Guo X, Cohen Stuart MA, Wang J, Ding P. Synthesis of zwitterionic polyelectrolyte nanogels via electrostatic-templated polymerization. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2588-2593. [PMID: 36946875 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00092c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterionic polyelectrolyte nanogels are prospective nanocarriers due to their soft loading pocket and regulated charges. We here report a facile strategy, namely, electrostatic-templated polymerization (ETP) for synthesizing zwitterionic nanogels with controlled size and properties. Specifically, with anionic-neutral diblock polymers as the template, zwitterionic monomers such as carboxybetaine methacrylate (CBMA) or carboxybetaine acrylamide (CBAA) are polymerized together with a cross-linker at pH 2 where the monomers exhibit only positive charge due to the protonation of the carboxyl group. The obtained polyelectrolyte complex micelles dissociate upon introducing a concentrated salt. The subsequent separation yields the released template and zwitterionic nanogels with regulated size and swelling ability, achieved by tuning the salt concentration and cross-linker fraction during polymerization. The obtained PCBMA nanogels exhibit charges depending on the pH, which enables not only the selective loading of different dye molecules, but also encapsulation and intracellular delivery of cytochrome c protein. Our study develops a facile and robust way for fabricating zwitterionic nanogels and validates their potential applications as promising nanocarriers for load and delivery of functional charged cargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingkun Xu
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yifan Gao
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuhong Guo
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Martien A Cohen Stuart
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junyou Wang
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng Ding
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang Z, Ding P, Meng Y, Lin T, Zhang Z, Shu H, Ma J, Cohen Stuart M, Gao Y, Wang J, Zhou X. Rational polyelectrolyte nanoparticles endow preosteoclast-targeted siRNA transfection for anabolic therapy of osteoporosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade7379. [PMID: 36888701 PMCID: PMC9995075 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade7379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Targeted transfection of siRNA to preosteoclasts features the potential of anti-osteoporosis, yet challenge arises from the development of satisfied delivery vehicles. Here, we design a rational core-shell nanoparticle (NP) composed of cationic and responsive core for controlled load and release of small interfering RNA (siRNA) and compatible polyethylene glycol shell modified with alendronate for enhanced circulation and bone-targeted delivery of siRNA. The designed NPs perform well on transfection of an active siRNA (siDcstamp) that interferes Dcstamp mRNA expression, leading to impeded preosteoclast fusion and bone resorption, as well as promoted osteogenesis. In vivo results corroborate the abundant siDcstamp accumulation on bone surfaces and the enhanced trabecular bone mass volume and microstructure in treating osteoporotic OVX mice by rebalancing bone resorption, formation, and vascularization. Our study validates the hypothesis that satisfied transfection of siRNA enables preserved preosteoclasts that regulate bone resorption and formation simultaneously as potential anabolic treatment for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Peng Ding
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yichen Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Zhanrong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Haoming Shu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Martien Cohen Stuart
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Junyou Wang
- State-Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200003, China
- Translational research center of orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
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Controlled synthesis of PEGylated polyelectrolyte nanogels as efficient protein carriers. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 620:322-332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ni J, Wan Y, Cai Y, Ding P, Cohen Stuart MA, Wang J. Synthesis of Anionic Nanogels for Selective and Efficient Enzyme Encapsulation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:3234-3243. [PMID: 35212549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte nanogels containing cross-linked ionic polymer networks feature both soft environment and intrinsic charges which are of great potential for enzyme encapsulation. In this work, well-defined poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) nanogels have been synthesized based on a facile strategy, namely, electrostatic assembly directed polymerization (EADP). Specifically, AA monomers are polymerized together with a cross-linker in the presence of a cationic-neutral diblock copolymer as the template. Effects of control factors including pH, salt concentration, and cross-linking degree have been investigated systematically, based on which the optimal preparation of PAA nanogels has been established. The obtained nanogel features not only compatible pocket for safely loading enzymes without disturbing their structures, but also abundant negative charges which enable selective and efficient encapsulation of cationic enzymes. The loading capacities of PAA nanogels for cytochrome (cyt c) and lysozyme are 100 and 125 μg/mg (enzyme/nanogel), respectively. More notably, the PAA network seems to modulate a favorable microenvironment for cyt c and induces 2-fold enhanced activity for the encapsulated enzymes, as indicated by the steady-state kinetic assay. Our study reveals the control factors of EADP for optimal synthesis of anionic nanogels and validates their distinctive advances with respect to efficient loading and activation of cationic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Ni
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Wan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Martien A Cohen Stuart
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyou Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
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An Z, Cao B, Zhang J, Zhang B, Zhou C, Hu X, Chen W. Efficient Transient Expression of Plasmid DNA Using Poly (2-(N,N-Dimethylamino) Ethyl Methacrylate) in Plant Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:805996. [PMID: 35273955 PMCID: PMC8902165 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.805996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials have been widely studied for their potential to become the new generation of nanocarriers in gene transfection, yet it remains still difficult to apply them efficiently and succinctly to plant cells. Poly (2-(N,N-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA), which possesses temperature and pH dual-sensitivity, has largely been applied in animal cells, but it is rarely involved in plant cells. As a proof of concept, PDMAEMA as a gene carrier is incubated with plasmid GFP (pGFP) to explore its transfection ability in plants, and cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) is used as a control. pGFP was efficiently condensed into the nanostructure by electrostatic interactions at an N/P (amino group from cationic polymers/phosphate group from plasmid DNA (pDNA)) ratio of 15; after complexation into nanocarriers, pGFP was protected from endonuclease degradation according to the DNase I digestion assay. After incubation with protoplasts and leaves, GFP was observed with confocal microscopy in plant cells. Western blot experiments confirmed GFP expression at the protein level. Toxicity assay showed PDMAEMA had a lower toxicity than PEI. These results showed that transient expression of pGFP was readily achieved in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana. Notably, PDMAEMA showed lower cytotoxicity than PEI upon incubation with Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. PDMAEMA exhibited great potency for DNA delivery in plant cells. This work provides us with new ideas of more concise and more effective methods for plant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zishuai An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junzhe Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baihong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengqian Zhou
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Hugo Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Xianglong Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wenli Chen, ; Xianglong Hu,
| | - Wenli Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wenli Chen, ; Xianglong Hu,
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Polo Fonseca L, Felisberti MI. Thermo- and UV-responsive amphiphilic nanogels via reversible [4+4] photocycloaddition of PEG/PCL-based polyurethane dispersions. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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