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Ke X, Chen J, Chang L, Zhou Z, Zhang W. Casting liquid PDMS on self-assembled bilayer polystyrene nanospheres to prepare a SERS substrate with two layers of nanopits for detection of p-nitrophenol. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:4582-4590. [PMID: 37655547 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00628j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
p-Nitrophenol (PNP) is widely used in pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and dyestuffs. It is vital to detect trace PNP in the environment, because it poses significant environmental hazards due to its high toxicity. In this paper, a new method was reported for preparing a SERS substrate with excellent SERS activity by combining self-assembly techniques and flexible materials. First, the three-dimensional (3D) polystyrene (PS) photonic crystal (PC) structural master was fabricated by stacking two layers of self-assembled PS nanospheres with different diameters. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with a complementary structure to the master was obtained by casting, curing and peeling off. Finally, the PDMS-Ag substrate was fabricated by sputtering a thin Ag layer on the PDMS structure. The enhancement factor (EF) of the PDMS-Ag substrate was calculated to be 2.90 × 109 by using 4-amino thiophenol (ATP) as the probe molecule, and the limit of detection (LOD) for ATP can reach 10-11 M. And the RSD of the SERS intensity for the peak at 1078 cm-1 on the PDMS-Ag substrates from batch to batch was within 2%, indicating the high reproducibility of the as-prepared substrate. The quantitative analysis of PNP was achieved with a LOD of 10-8 M. Therefore, the PDMS-Ag substrate exhibits high sensitivity and reproducibility, and it can detect PNP in trace amounts, with great potential for detecting other contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiurui Ke
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, P. R. China.
| | - Jinran Chen
- Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, P. R. China.
| | - Lin Chang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, P. R. China.
| | - Zhou Zhou
- The University of Manchester, Department of Materials, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, P. R. China.
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Wu M, Jiang L, Li X, Xiang Z, Yi P, Liu Y, Zhang L, Li X, Wang Z, Zhang X. Microheater-Integrated Microlens Array for Robust Rapid Fog Removal. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:41092-41100. [PMID: 37599436 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
In extreme environments, fog formation on a microlens array (MLA) surface results in a device failure. One reliable solution for fog removal is to heat the surface using a microheater. However, due to the surface interference, the combination of these two microdevices remains elusive. In this study, we introduce lift-off and electroless plating into femtosecond laser processing to fabricate a microheater integrated MLA (μH-MLA) on the same substrate with high light transmittance, durability, and fog removal efficiency. Laser-induced micro-nano grooves enable the microheater to be tightly coupled with the MLA and have high heating performance, thus maintaining a stable performance for over 24 h during continuous operation as well as under long time ultrasonic vibration and mechanical friction. With a rapid response time (τ0.5) of 17 s and a high working temperature of 188 °C, the μH-MLA removed fog that covers the entire face within 14 s. Finally, we prove the use of this fabrication method in large areas and curved surface environments. This study provides a flexible, stable, and economical method to integrate micro-optical and microelectrical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Wu
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lan Jiang
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhikun Xiang
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peng Yi
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Micro-Nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Leyi Zhang
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xibiao Li
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Zheng H, Ding Q, Li C, Chen W, Chen X, Lin Q, Wang D, Weng Y, Lin D. Recent progress in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy-based biosensors for the detection of extracellular vesicles. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4161-4173. [PMID: 36254847 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01339h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a type of mediator that enables intercellular communication. Moreover, EVs carry critical molecular information from parental cells, making them ideal biomarkers for clinical screening and diagnosis. Currently, several sensing technologies have been established to sensitively detect EVs. Among them, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has become a powerful analytical tool with high sensitivity and low detection limits. In this review, we first cover the biological characteristics of EVs and the principle of SERS amplification. Then, we describe the recent progress in SERS technology applied to detect EVs, including direct label-free methods and indirect labeling strategies, in which substrate fabrication and nanoprobe assembly were emphasized. Furthermore, SERS technology could also be used to characterize or monitor the behavior of programmable EVs. Finally, we discuss the prospects and issues to be addressed for the development of SERS technology for EV analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Qin Ding
- Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Qin Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Desheng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Youliang Weng
- Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
| | - Duo Lin
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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4
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Imanbekova M, Suarasan S, Lu Y, Jurchuk S, Wachsmann-Hogiu S. Recent advances in optical label-free characterization of extracellular vesicles. NANOPHOTONICS 2022; 11:2827-2863. [PMID: 35880114 PMCID: PMC9128385 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2022-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are complex biological nanoparticles endogenously secreted by all eukaryotic cells. EVs carry a specific molecular cargo of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids derived from cells of origin and play a significant role in the physiology and pathology of cells, organs, and organisms. Upon release, they may be found in different body fluids that can be easily accessed via noninvasive methodologies. Due to the unique information encoded in their molecular cargo, they may reflect the state of the parent cell and therefore EVs are recognized as a rich source of biomarkers for early diagnostics involving liquid biopsy. However, body fluids contain a mixture of EVs released by different types of healthy and diseased cells, making the detection of the EVs of interest very challenging. Recent research efforts have been focused on the detection and characterization of diagnostically relevant subpopulations of EVs, with emphasis on label-free methods that simplify sample preparation and are free of interfering signals. Therefore, in this paper, we review the recent progress of the label-free optical methods employed for the detection, counting, and morphological and chemical characterization of EVs. We will first briefly discuss the biology and functions of EVs, and then introduce different optical label-free techniques for rapid, precise, and nondestructive characterization of EVs such as nanoparticle tracking analysis, dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and SERS spectroscopy. In the end, we will discuss their applications in the detection of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer and provide an outlook on the future impact and challenges of these technologies to the field of liquid biopsy via EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meruyert Imanbekova
- Bioengineering, McGill University Faculty of Engineering, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sorina Suarasan
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, T. Laurian 42, 400271, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Yao Lu
- Bioengineering, McGill University Faculty of Engineering, 3480 Rue Universite, 1006, Montreal, QC, H3C6W1, Canada
| | - Sarah Jurchuk
- Bioengineering, McGill University Faculty of Engineering, 3480 Rue Universite, Rm#350, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu
- Bioengineering, McGill University Faculty of Engineering, 3480 University St., MC362, Montreal, H3A 0E9l, Canada
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Yang YJ, Gao ZF. Superwettable Biosensor for Disease Biomarker Detection. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:872984. [PMID: 35419350 PMCID: PMC8995550 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.872984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioinspired superwettable materials have aroused wide interests in recent years for their promising application fields from service life to industry. As one kind of emerging application, the superwettable surfaces used to fabricate biosensors for the detection of disease biomarkers, especially tumor biomarkers, have been extensively studied. In this mini review, we briefly summarized the sensing strategy for disease biomarker detection based on superwettable biosensors, including fluorescence, electrochemistry, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and visual assays. Finally, the challenges and direction for future development of superwettable biosensors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jun Yang
- Advanced Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Zhong Feng Gao
- Advanced Materials Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhong Feng Gao,
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Xu G, Shen X, Zhang L, Tang J, He C, Zhou Z, Xu T, Xu M, Jin Y, Wang C. Fabrication of highly sensitive and uniform Ag/PS/PDMS SERS substrate and its application for in-situdetection. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:245601. [PMID: 35235919 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac59e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a flexible and transparent silver/polystyrene/polydimethylsiloxane (Ag/PS/PDMS) substrate with both high density of hot spots and satisfactory uniformity using a cost-effective approach. Via template-guided self-assembly, PS beads were arranged regularly in nanobowls of a square array on PDMS, whose surface structure was transferred from a commercial complementary metal oxide semiconductor chip. Roughness was introduced onto the PS bead surface by nitrogen plasma treatment, followed by sputtering of Ag which generated many hot spots. Differential roughness on the PS bead surface greatly influenced the morphology of the Ag/PS/PDMS substrate. A meat-ball like surface structure was formed with a plasma etching time of 5 min, whose growth mechanism was proposed based on the scanning electron microscope analysis. The high sensitivity and desirable uniformity of the meat-ball like Ag/PS/PDMS substrate were demonstrated by using crystal violet as a Raman reporter, exhibiting an enhancement factor of 2.7 × 107and a relative standard deviation of 5.04%. Thiram of a lower concentration than the maximum residue limit on the cucumber surface could easily be detectedin situby the proposed substrate, demonstrating its great potential forin-situfood safety analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Xu
- School of Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Xilong Shen
- School of Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tang
- School of Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan He
- School of Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqiang Zhou
- School of Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Xu
- School of Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Meifeng Xu
- School of Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonglong Jin
- School of Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaonan Wang
- School of Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, People's Republic of China
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7
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Differential surface partitioning for an ultrasensitive solid-state SERS sensor and its application to food colorant analysis. Food Chem 2022; 383:132415. [PMID: 35180601 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state SERS sensors are desirable point-of-care tools due to their portability. However, the level of SERS sensitivity achieved in liquid phase is rarely duplicated in the solid phase. We report herein the fabrication of a SERS sensor using alumina beads as the solid support and demonstrate its high SERS sensitivity with the model analyte 4-aminophenyl disulfide (4-APDS). The key to sensitivity is a hydrophilic-hydrophobic surface gradient constructed by sequentially coating with the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and fluorous 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane. The surface gradient, together with chloride etching, allows the detection of 4-APDS at the low concentration of 10-15 M. The practicality of the sensor beads is evidenced by successfully tracking the SERS fingerprints of five food colorant standards in the SERS spectra of a popular candy product. These SERS sensor beads are easy to prepare, convenient to use, and highly responsive as a SERS platform for the analysis of colorants.
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8
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Yang YJ, Gao ZF. Bio-inspired Superwettable Surface for the Detection of Cancer Biomarker: A Mini Review. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2022; 21:15330338221110670. [PMID: 35790461 PMCID: PMC9340408 DOI: 10.1177/15330338221110670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired by nature, superwettable material-based biosensors have aroused wide interests due to their potential in cancer biomarker detection. This mini review mainly summarized the superwettable materials as novel biosensing substrates for the development of evaporation-induced enrichment-based signal amplification and visual biosensing method. Biosensing applications based on the superhydrophobic surfaces, superwettable micropatterned surfaces, and slippery lubricant-infused porous surfaces for various cancer biomarker detections were described in detail. Finally, an insight of remaining challenges and perspectives of superwettable biosensor is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jun Yang
- Advanced Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, 12689Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Feng Gao
- Advanced Materials Institute, 12689Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Tumor Marker Detection Technology, Equipment and Diagnosis-Therapy Integration in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 165082Linyi University, Linyi, People's Republic of China
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9
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Imanbekova M, Suarasan S, Rojalin T, Mizenko RR, Hilt S, Mathur M, Lepine P, Nicouleau M, Mohamed NV, Durcan TM, Carney RP, Voss JC, Wachsmann-Hogiu S. Identification of amyloid beta in small extracellular vesicles via Raman spectroscopy. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:4119-4132. [PMID: 34355118 PMCID: PMC8276787 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00330e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis is believed to be the production and deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide into extracellular plaques. Existing research indicates that extracellular vesicles (EVs) can carry Aβ associated with AD. However, characterization of the EVs-associated Aβ and its conformational variants has yet to be realized. Raman spectroscopy is a label-free and non-destructive method that is able to assess the biochemical composition of EVs. This study reports for the first time the Raman spectroscopic fingerprint of the Aβ present in the molecular cargo of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). Raman spectra were measured from sEVs isolated from Alzheimer's disease cell culture model, where secretion of Aβ is regulated by tetracycline promoter, and from midbrain organoids. The averaged spectra of each sEV group showed considerable variation as a reflection of the biochemical content of sEVs. Spectral analysis identified more intense Raman peaks at 1650 cm-1 and 2930 cm-1 attributable to the Aβ peptide incorporated in sEVs produced by the Alzheimer's cell culture model. Subsequent analysis of the spectra by principal component analysis differentiated the sEVs of the Alzheimer's disease cell culture model from the control groups of sEVs. Moreover, the results indicate that Aβ associated with secreted sEVs has a α-helical secondary structure and the size of a monomer or small oligomer. Furthermore, by analyzing the lipid content of sEVs we identified altered fatty acid chain lengths in sEVs that carry Aβ that may affect the fluidity of the EV membrane. Overall, our findings provide evidence supporting the use of Raman spectroscopy for the identification and characterization of sEVs associated with potential biomarkers of neurological disorders such as toxic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sorina Suarasan
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University Montreal QC H3A 0E9 Canada
| | - Tatu Rojalin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Rachel R Mizenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Silvia Hilt
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Meghna Mathur
- The Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University Montreal QC H3A 2B4 Canada
| | - Paula Lepine
- The Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University Montreal QC H3A 2B4 Canada
| | - Michael Nicouleau
- The Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University Montreal QC H3A 2B4 Canada
| | - Nguyen-Vi Mohamed
- The Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University Montreal QC H3A 2B4 Canada
| | - Thomas M Durcan
- The Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University Montreal QC H3A 2B4 Canada
| | - Randy P Carney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - John C Voss
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis CA 95616 USA
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Application of superhydrophobic ZnO rod composites with environmentally-friendly and photodegradation properties in water environment treatment. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Guerrini L, Garcia-Rico E, O’Loghlen A, Giannini V, Alvarez-Puebla RA. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Spectroscopy for Sensing and Characterization of Exosomes in Cancer Diagnosis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092179. [PMID: 33946619 PMCID: PMC8125149 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The distinct molecular and biological properties of exosomes, together with their abundance and stability, make them an ideal target in liquid biopsies for early diagnosis and disease monitoring. On the other hand, in recent years, nanomaterial-based optical biosensors have been extensively investigated as novel, rapid and sensitive tools for exosome detection and discrimination. The scope of this review is to summarize and coherently discussed the diverse applications, challenges and limitations of nanosensors based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as the optosensing technique. Abstract Exosomes are emerging as one of the most intriguing cancer biomarkers in modern oncology for early cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment monitoring. Concurrently, several nanoplasmonic methods have been applied and developed to tackle the challenging task of enabling the rapid, sensitive, affordable analysis of exosomes. In this review, we specifically focus our attention on the application of plasmonic devices exploiting surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as the optosensing technique for the structural interrogation and characterization of the heterogeneous nature of exosomes. We summarized the current state-of-art of this field while illustrating the main strategic approaches and discuss their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Guerrini
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer de Marcel·li Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (R.A.A.-P.)
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Rico
- Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, San Bernardo 101, 28015 Madrid, Spain;
- School of Medicine, San Pablo CEU, Calle Julian Romea, 18, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana O’Loghlen
- Epigenetics & Cellular Senescence Group, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK;
| | - Vincenzo Giannini
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (IEM-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Technology Innovation Institute, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi 9639, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ramon A. Alvarez-Puebla
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer de Marcel·li Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.G.); (R.A.A.-P.)
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