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Lin X, Yi Q, Qing B, Lan W, Jiang F, Lai Z, Huang J, Liu Q, Jiang J, Wang M, Zou L, Huang X, Wang J. Two Fluorescent Probes for Recognition of Acetylcholinesterase: Design, Synthesis, and Comparative Evaluation. Molecules 2024; 29:1961. [PMID: 38731452 PMCID: PMC11085145 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, two "on-off" probes (BF2-cur-Ben and BF2-cur-But) recognizing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were designed and synthesized. The obtained probes can achieve recognition of AChE with good selectivity and pH-independence with a linear range of 0.5~7 U/mL and 0.5~25 U/mL respectively. BF2-cur-Ben has a lower limit of detection (LOD) (0.031 U/mL), higher enzyme affinity (Km = 16 ± 1.6 μM), and higher inhibitor sensitivity. A responsive mechanism of the probes for AChE was proposed based on HPLC and mass spectra (MS) experiments, as well as calculations. In molecular simulation, BF2-cur-Ben forms more hydrogen bonds (seven, while BF2-cur-But has only four) and thus has a more stable enzyme affinity, which is mirrored by the results of the comparison of Km values. These two probes could enable recognition of intracellular AChE and probe BF2-cur-Ben has superior cell membrane penetration due to its higher log p value. These probes can monitor the overexpression of AChE during apoptosis of lung cancer cells. The ability of BF2-cur-Ben to monitor AChE in vivo was confirmed by a zebrafish experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (W.L.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Guangxi Health Science College, Nanning 530023, China;
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qingyuan Yi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (W.L.)
| | - Binyang Qing
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (B.Q.); (M.W.)
| | - Weisen Lan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (W.L.)
| | - Fangcheng Jiang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (F.J.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zefeng Lai
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; (F.J.); (Z.L.)
| | - Jijun Huang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Drug Administration, Nanning 530029, China; (J.H.); (Q.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Qing Liu
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Drug Administration, Nanning 530029, China; (J.H.); (Q.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Jimin Jiang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Drug Administration, Nanning 530029, China; (J.H.); (Q.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Mian Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (B.Q.); (M.W.)
| | - Lianjia Zou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Guangxi Health Science College, Nanning 530023, China;
| | - Xinbi Huang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Guangxi Health Science College, Nanning 530023, China;
| | - Jianyi Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.L.); (Q.Y.); (W.L.)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Xing L, Ma P, Chen F. A novel turn-on near-infrared fluorescent probe for highly sensitive in vitro and in vivo detection of acetylcholinesterase activity. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 310:123954. [PMID: 38290281 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a key enzyme in the cholinergic pathway of the nervous systems, with its aberrant expression linked to various diseases. In this study, we have developed a novel Turn-On near-infrared fluorescent probe, TQ-AChE, for the sensitive and selective detection of AChE activity. Characterized by its near-infrared emission at 740 nm, TQ-AChE effectively overcomes the limitations of traditional fluorescent probes, such as short excitation wavelengths and limited tissue penetration, crucial for both in vitro and in vivo applications. The probe's low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.02 U/mL for AChE makes it highly sensitive, enabling rapid quantification of AChE activity in serum effectively. Cell imaging studies demonstrate that TQ-AChE can confirm higher AChE activity expression in normal liver cells compared to liver cancer cells. TQ-AChE can also monitor AChE fluctuations in APAP-induced acute effectively, facilitating the evaluation of the efficacy of liver detoxifying agents. Additionally, in vivo studies in mouse models validate the potential of the probe in real-time monitoring of AChE expression in liver injury. The ability of TQ-AChE to visualize AChE expression signifies its potential as a promising tool for early liver disease diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring, opening new possibilities in hepatological research and clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xing
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Nanomedicine and Translational Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130030, China
| | - Pinyi Ma
- College of Chemistry, Jilin Province Research Center for Engineering and Technology of Spectral Analytical Instruments, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Nanomedicine and Translational Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130030, China.
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Kim SG, Lee HK, Subba SH, Oh MH, Lee G, Park SY. Electrochemical and fluorescent dual-mode sensor of acetylcholinesterase activity and inhibition based on MnO 2@PD-coated surface. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1257:341171. [PMID: 37062569 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
We developed an electrochemical and fluorescent dual-mode sensor for assessing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and inhibition by taking advantage of the high redox sensitivity of surface-coated mesoporous MnO2@polymer dot (MnO2@PD) towards AChE. The following phenomena constitute the basis of the detection mechanism: fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) effect between MnO2 and PD; catalytic hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine (ATCh) to thiocholine (TCh) by AChE expressed by PC-12 cells, inducing fluorescence restoration and change in the conductivity of the system due to MnO2 decomposition; the presence of the inhibitor neostigmine preventing the conversion of ATCh to TCh. The surface-coated biosensor presents both fluorescence-based and electrochemical approaches for effectively monitoring AChE activity and inhibition. The fluorescence approach is based on the fluorescent "on/off" property of the system caused by MnO2 breakdown after interaction with TCh and the subsequent release of PDs. The conductivity of the coated electrode decreased dramatically as AChE concentration increased, resulting in electrochemical sensing of AChE activity and inhibition screening. Real-time wireless sensing can be conducted using a smartphone to monitor the resistance change, investigating the potential use of MnO2@PD nanocomposites in biological studies, and offering a real-time redox-fluorescent test for AChE activity monitoring and inhibitor screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Gi Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju, 27469, Republic of Korea; Department of Green Bio Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju, 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Kyung Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju, 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunu Hangma Subba
- Department of IT and Energy Convergence (BK21 FOUR), Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju, 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hee Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju, 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Gibaek Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju, 27469, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Young Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju, 27469, Republic of Korea; Department of Green Bio Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju, 27469, Republic of Korea; Department of IT and Energy Convergence (BK21 FOUR), Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju, 27469, Republic of Korea.
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Meng WQ, Sedgwick AC, Kwon N, Sun M, Xiao K, He XP, Anslyn EV, James TD, Yoon J. Fluorescent probes for the detection of chemical warfare agents. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:601-662. [PMID: 36149439 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00650b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are toxic chemicals that have been intentionally developed for targeted and deadly use on humans. Although intended for military targets, the use of CWAs more often than not results in mass civilian casualties. To prevent further atrocities from occurring during conflicts, a global ban was implemented through the chemical weapons convention, with the aim of eliminating the development, stockpiling, and use of CWAs. Unfortunately, because of their relatively low cost, ease of manufacture and effectiveness on mass populations, CWAs still exist in today's world. CWAs have been used in several recent terrorist-related incidents and conflicts (e.g., Syria). Therefore, they continue to remain serious threats to public health and safety and to global peace and stability. Analytical methods that can accurately detect CWAs are essential to global security measures and for forensic analysis. Small molecule fluorescent probes have emerged as attractive chemical tools for CWA detection, due to their simplicity, ease of use, excellent selectivity and high sensitivity, as well as their ability to be translated into handheld devices. This includes the ability to non-invasively image CWA distribution within living systems (in vitro and in vivo) to permit in-depth evaluation of their biological interactions and allow potential identification of therapeutic countermeasures. In this review, we provide an overview of the various reported fluorescent probes that have been designed for the detection of CWAs. The mechanism for CWA detection, change in optical output and application for each fluorescent probe are described in detail. The limitations and challenges of currently developed fluorescent probes are discussed providing insight into the future development of this research area. We hope the information provided in this review will give readers a clear understanding of how to design a fluorescent probe for the detection of a specific CWA. We anticipate that this will advance our security systems and provide new tools for environmental and toxicology monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qi Meng
- Department of Protective Medicine Against Chemical Agents, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangying Rd., Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Adam C Sedgwick
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Nahyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
| | - Mingxue Sun
- Department of Protective Medicine Against Chemical Agents, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangying Rd., Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Kai Xiao
- Department of Protective Medicine Against Chemical Agents, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangying Rd., Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xiao-Peng He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai 200237, China. .,The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China.,National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Eric V Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA.
| | - Tony D James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK. .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
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Zhao J, Ma T, Chang B, Fang J. Recent Progress on NIR Fluorescent Probes for Enzymes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185922. [PMID: 36144654 PMCID: PMC9503431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of diseases’ biomarkers are enzymes, and the regulation of enzymes is fundamental but crucial. Biological system disorders and diseases can result from abnormal enzymatic activity. Given the biological significance of enzymes, researchers have devised a plethora of tools to map the activity of particular enzymes in order to gain insight regarding their function and distribution. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging studies on enzymes may help to better understand their roles in living systems due to their natural imaging advantages. We review the NIR fluorescent probe design strategies that have been attempted by researchers to develop NIR fluorescent sensors of enzymes, and these works have provided deep and intuitive insights into the study of enzymes in biological systems. The recent enzyme-activated NIR fluorescent probes and their applications in imaging are summarized, and the prospects and challenges of developing enzyme-activated NIR fluorescent probes are discussed.
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Fortibui MM, Jang M, Lee S, Ryoo IJ, Ahn JS, Ko SK, Kim J. Near-Infrared Fluorescence Probe for Specific Detection of Acetylcholinesterase and Imaging in Live Cells and Zebrafish. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2232-2239. [PMID: 35446530 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a pivotal enzyme that is closely related with multiple neurological diseases, such as brain disorders or alterations in the neurotransmission and cancer. The development of convenient methods for imaging AChE activity in biological samples is very important to understand its mechanisms and functions in a living system. Herein, a fluorescent probe exhibiting emission in the near-infrared (NIR) region is developed to detect AChE and visualize biological AChE activities. This probe exhibits a quick response time, reasonable detection limit, and a large Stokes shift accompanied by the NIR emission. The probe has much better reactivity toward AChE than butyrylcholinesterase, which is one of the significant interfering substances. The outstanding specificity of the probe is proved by cellular imaging AChE activity and successful mapping in different regions of zebrafish. Such an effective probe can greatly contribute to ongoing efforts to design emission probes that have distinct properties to assay AChE in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine Mambo Fortibui
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Mina Jang
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Sohyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - In-Ja Ryoo
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Jong Seog Ahn
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea
| | - Sung-Kyun Ko
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju 28116, Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jinheung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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A sensitive and selective fluorescent probe for acetylcholinesterase: synthesis, performance, mechanism and application. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Oe M, Miki K, Masuda A, Nogita K, Ohe K. An activator-induced quencher-detachment-based turn-on probe with a cationic substrate moiety for acetylcholinesterase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:1510-1513. [PMID: 34874369 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05132f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report a choline ester-grafted turn-on fluorescence probe to detect acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in living cells. The AChE-mediated hydrolysis of the choline ester moiety producing carboxylate initiates the activation of the Cy5 fluorophore quenched by an intramolecular nucleophilic mercapto group. The probe has the advantages of high AChE affinity and low cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Oe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Koji Miki
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Akito Masuda
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Kohei Nogita
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Kouichi Ohe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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Song W, Zhang XP, Lin B, Shu Y, Wang JH. Sensitivity Dependence on the Crystal Forms of a Fluorescence Quencher for Silicon Quantum Dots and Its Use in Acetylcholinesterase Assay. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14900-14906. [PMID: 34714045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays crucial roles in the nervous system, and thus the reliable assay of its activity is of great significance for the diagnosis of nervous diseases. In this work, we report a fluorescent sensing platform with silicon quantum dots (Si-QDs) as a fluorescence oscillator and nano iron oxyhydroxide (α-, β-, and γ-FeOOH) as a quencher for the assay of AChE. FeOOH with α-, β-, and γ-crystal forms quenches the fluorescence of Si-QDs at λex/λem = 350/438 nm, which is retrieved in the presence of AChE and its substrate acetylthiocholine (ATCh) to provide an off-on strategy with a high signal/noise ratio. It is interesting that the sensitivity of AChE sensing is closely related to the crystal forms of FeOOH, with the highest sensitivity by adopting α-FeOOH as the quencher. A linear calibration is achieved within 0.02-1.4 U/L along with a limit of detection of 0.016 U/L. The sensing strategy was demonstrated by the AChE assay in human blood, plasma, and hemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Bo Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yang Shu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
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