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Kongkaew S, Janduang S, Srilikhit A, Kaewnu K, Thipwimonmas Y, Cotchim S, Torrarit K, Phua CH, Limbut W. Waste DVD polycarbonate substrate for screen-printed carbon electrode modified with PVP-stabilized AuNPs for continuous free chlorine detection. Talanta 2024; 277:126406. [PMID: 38901193 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical free chlorine sensor was developed by modifying a lab-made screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) with gold nanoparticles synthesized with polyvinylpyrrolidone (AuNPs-PVP). The electrode was made by screen printing carbon ink on a waste digital versatile disc (SPC-wDVD). PVP was used to stabilize AuNPs. Scanning electron microscopy showed that AuNPs aggregated without the stabilizer. The electrochemical behavior of the SPC-wDVD was evaluated by comparison with commercial SPCEs from two companies. Electrochemical characterization involved cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The detection of free chlorine in water samples was continuous, facilitated by a flow-injection system. In the best condition, the developed sensor exhibited linearity from 0.25 to 3.0 and 3.0 to 500 mg L-1. The limit of detection was 0.1 mg L-1. The stability of the sensor enabled the detection of free chlorine at least 475 times with an RSD of 3.2 %. The AuNPs-PVP/SPC-wDVD was able to detect free chlorine in drinking water, tap water and swimming pool water. The agreement between the results obtained with the proposed method and the standard spectrophotometric method confirmed the precision of the developed sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supatinee Kongkaew
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Santipap Janduang
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Angkana Srilikhit
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Krittapas Kaewnu
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Yudtapum Thipwimonmas
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Suparat Cotchim
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Kamonchanok Torrarit
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Cheng Ho Phua
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Warakorn Limbut
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Forensic Science Innovation and Service Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
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Jeong H, Lee T, Kim J, Jeong HS, Jun SB, Seo JM. Fabrication and validation of flexible neural electrodes based on polyimide tape and gold sheet. Biomed Eng Lett 2024; 14:267-278. [PMID: 38374899 PMCID: PMC10874365 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-023-00345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This research was conducted to apply polyimide tape, which has the advantages of low price ans strong adhesive strength, to the neural electrode process. In addition, to maximize the low-cost characteristics, a fabrication process based on UV laser patterning rather than a photolithography process was introduced. The fabrication process started by attaching the gold sheet on the conductive double-sided tape without being torn or crushed. Then, the gold sheet and the double-sided tape were patterned together using UV laser. The patterned layer was transferred to the single-side polyimide tape. For insulation layer, electrode site opened single-sided polyimide tape was prepared. Polydimethylsiloxane was used as an adhesion layer, and alignment between electrode sites and opening sites was processed manually. The minimum line width achieved through the proposed fabrication process was approximately 100 μ m, and the sheet resistance of the conductive layer was 0.635 Ω /sq. Measured cathodal charge storage capacity was 0.72 mC/cm2 and impedance at 1 kHz was 4.07 kΩ /cm2. Validation of fabricated electrode was confirmed by conducting 30 days accelerated soak test, flexibility test, adhesion test and ex vivo stimulation test. The novel flexible neural electrodes based on single-sided polyimide tape and UV laser patterned gold sheet was fabricated successfully. Conventional neural electrode fabrication processes based on polyimide substrate has a disadvantages such as long fabrication time, expensive costs, and probability of delamination between layers. However, the novel fabrication process which we introduced can overcome many shortcomings of existing processes, and offers great advantages such as simplicity of fabrication, inexpensiveness, flexibility and long-term reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunbeen Jeong
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
- Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research at Seoul National University, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Taekyung Lee
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
- Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research at Seoul National University, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jisung Kim
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
- Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research at Seoul National University, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Soo Jeong
- Graduate Program in Smart Factory, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760 Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Beom Jun
- Graduate Program in Smart Factory, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760 Republic of Korea
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760 Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Mo Seo
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
- Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research at Seoul National University, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080 Republic of Korea
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Yin J, Zhang J, Feng L, Guan Y, Gao W, Jin Q. Free chlorine ultra-sensitive detection in tap water via an enrichment-sensing process by an interdigitated microelectrode sensor. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Advances in Technological Research for Online and In Situ Water Quality Monitoring—A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring water quality is an essential tool for the control of pollutants and pathogens that can cause damage to the environment and human health. However, water quality analysis is usually performed in laboratory environments, often with the use of high-cost equipment and qualified professionals. With the progress of nanotechnology and the advance in engineering materials, several studies have shown, in recent years, the development of technologies aimed at monitoring water quality, with the ability to reduce the costs of analysis and accelerate the achievement of results for management and decision-making. In this work, a review was carried out on several low-cost developed technologies and applied in situ for water quality monitoring. Thus, new alternative technologies for the main physical (color, temperature, and turbidity), chemical (chlorine, fluorine, phosphorus, metals, nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, pH, and oxidation–reduction potential), and biological (total coliforms, Escherichia coli, algae, and cyanobacteria) water quality parameters were described. It was observed that there has been an increase in the number of publications related to the topic in recent years, mainly since 2012, with 641 studies being published in 2021. The main new technologies developed are based on optical or electrochemical sensors, however, due to the recent development of these technologies, more robust analyses and evaluations in real conditions are essential to guarantee the precision and repeatability of the methods, especially when it is desirable to compare the values with government regulatory standards.
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Yin J, Gao W, Yu W, Guan Y, Wang Z, Jin Q. A batch microfabrication of a self-cleaning, ultradurable electrochemical sensor employing a BDD film for the online monitoring of free chlorine in tap water. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:39. [PMID: 35464881 PMCID: PMC8993810 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Free chlorine is one of the key water quality parameters in tap water. However, a free chlorine sensor with the characteristics of batch processing, durability, antibiofouling/antiorganic passivation and in situ monitoring of free chlorine in tap water continues to be a challenging issue. In this paper, a novel silicon-based electrochemical sensor for free chlorine that can self-clean and be mass produced via microfabrication technique/MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical System) is proposed. A liquid-conjugated Ag/AgCl reference electrode is fabricated, and electrochemically stable BDD/Pt is employed as the working/counter electrode to verify the effectiveness of the as-fabricated sensor for free chlorine detection. The sensor demonstrates an acceptable limit of detection (0.056 mg/L) and desirable linearity (R 2 = 0.998). Particularly, at a potential of +2.5 V, hydroxyl radicals are generated on the BBD electrode by electrolyzing water, which then remove the organic matter attached to the surface of the sensor though an electrochemical digestion process. The performance of the fouled sensor recovers from 50.2 to 94.1% compared with the initial state after self-cleaning for 30 min. In addition, by employing the MEMS technique, favorable response consistency and high reproducibility (RSD < 4.05%) are observed, offering the opportunity to mass produce the proposed sensor in the future. A desirable linear dependency between the pH, temperature, and flow rate and the detection of free chlorine is observed, ensuring the accuracy of the sensor with any hydrologic parameter. The interesting sensing and self-cleaning behavior of the as-proposed sensor indicate that this study of the mass production of free chlorine sensors by MEMS is successful in developing a competitive device for the online monitoring of free chlorine in tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Yin
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, P. R. China
| | - Wanlei Gao
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200050 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Weijian Yu
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, P. R. China
| | - Yihua Guan
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, P. R. China
| | - Qinghui Jin
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, 315211 Ningbo, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200050 Shanghai, P. R. China
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Siddiqui J, Jamal Deen M. Biodegradable asparagine–graphene oxide free chlorine sensors fabricated using solution-based processing. Analyst 2022; 147:3643-3651. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00533f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A free chlorine-sensing biodegradable ink was made by functionalizing asparagine onto graphene oxide then deposited on an electrode. The sensor showed a sensitivity of 0.30 μA ppm−1, selectivity amid interfering ions, and low temperature dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Siddiqui
- Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Department, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - M. Jamal Deen
- Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Department, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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