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Panicker S, Prabhu A, Sundarrajan B, Quadros BP, Mani NK. A wax chalk and self-heating paper-based analytical device (SH-PAD) for the detection of bisphenol A. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:6264-6270. [PMID: 39212075 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay01245c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic xenoestrogen widely present in the environment, known for its toxicity, endocrine-disrupting nature, carcinogenicity, and mutagenic effects on living organisms. The detection of BPA is essential as it infiltrates the human body through food, water, dust and dermal contact. Conventional methods currently in use are inadequate for on-the-spot detection. Consequently, there is a pressing need to build an all-in-one device that can be quickly fabricated using readily available and cost-effective off-the-shelf materials for the detection of BPA. Firstly, we have leveraged wax chalk for fabricating hydrophobic barriers on paper, which offers a hydrophilic channel resolution of 1.64 mm ± 0.05 mm and also the ability to confine major aqueous solvents without leakage. The fabricated device was used to detect BPA using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and sodium carbonate (in the presence of heat). Secondly, we have developed a self-heating paper-based analytical device (SH-PAD) using masking tape, lamination paper and Whatman filter paper. This cost-effective approach (0.017$) is based on an exothermic reaction caused by sodium hydroxide and a small quantity of aluminium in the paper layers and can retain heat adequately for more than 5 minutes, addressing the challenge of external heat sources and enabling effective and rapid colorimetric detection of BPA using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and sodium carbonate. Both methods can detect up to 2 μg mL-1 in spiked water samples. This developed method's user-friendliness and cost-effectiveness make it a promising candidate for point-of-care diagnostics or detection, providing testing capabilities in areas with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekhar Panicker
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics (μSenD) Laboratory, Centre for Microfluidics, Biomarkers, Photoceutics and Sensors (μBioPS), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
- Innotech Manipal, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
| | - Anusha Prabhu
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics (μSenD) Laboratory, Centre for Microfluidics, Biomarkers, Photoceutics and Sensors (μBioPS), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Balachandar Sundarrajan
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics (μSenD) Laboratory, Centre for Microfluidics, Biomarkers, Photoceutics and Sensors (μBioPS), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Buena Peninnah Quadros
- Innotech Manipal, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
- Department of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Mani
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics (μSenD) Laboratory, Centre for Microfluidics, Biomarkers, Photoceutics and Sensors (μBioPS), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
- Innotech Manipal, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
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Uttam I, Sudarsan S, Ray R, Chinnappan R, Yaqinuddin A, Al-Kattan K, Mani NK. A Hypothetical Approach to Concentrate Microorganisms from Human Urine Samples Using Paper-Based Adsorbents for Point-of-Care Molecular Assays. Life (Basel) 2023; 14:38. [PMID: 38255653 PMCID: PMC10820215 DOI: 10.3390/life14010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This hypothesis demonstrates that the efficiency of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for nucleic acid detection can be positively influenced by the preconcentration of microbial cells onto hydrophobic paper surfaces. The mechanism of this model is based on the high affinity of microbes towards hydrophobic surfaces. Extensive studies have demonstrated that hydrophobic surfaces exhibit enhanced bacterial and fungal adhesion. By exploiting this inherent affinity of hydrophobic paper substrates, the preconcentration approach enables the adherence of a greater number of target cells, resulting in a higher concentration of target templates for amplification directly from urine samples. In contrast to conventional methods, which often involve complex procedures, this approach offers a simpler, cost-effective, and user-friendly alternative. Moreover, the integration of cell adhesion, LAMP amplification, and signal readout within paper origami-based devices can provide a portable, robust, and highly efficient platform for rapid nucleic acid detection. This innovative hypothesis holds significant potential for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics and field surveillance applications. Further research and development in this field will advance the implementation of this technology, contributing to improved healthcare systems and public health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Uttam
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics (µSenD) Laboratory, Centre for Microfluidics, Biomarkers, Photoceutics and Sensors (μBioPS), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; (I.U.); (S.S.)
| | - Sujesh Sudarsan
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics (µSenD) Laboratory, Centre for Microfluidics, Biomarkers, Photoceutics and Sensors (μBioPS), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; (I.U.); (S.S.)
| | - Rohitraj Ray
- Department of BioSystems Science and Engineering (BSSE), Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Rd, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India;
| | - Raja Chinnappan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (A.Y.); (K.A.-K.)
- Tissue/Organ Bioengineering & BioMEMS Lab, Organ Transplant Centre of Excellence, Transplant Research & Innovation Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Yaqinuddin
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (A.Y.); (K.A.-K.)
| | - Khaled Al-Kattan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; (A.Y.); (K.A.-K.)
| | - Naresh Kumar Mani
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics (µSenD) Laboratory, Centre for Microfluidics, Biomarkers, Photoceutics and Sensors (μBioPS), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; (I.U.); (S.S.)
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Ray R, Rakesh A, Singh S, Madhyastha H, Mani NK. Hair and Nail-On-Chip for Bioinspired Microfluidic Device Fabrication and Biomarker Detection. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-27. [PMID: 38133962 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2291825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The advent of biosensors has tremendously increased our potential of identifying and solving important problems in various domains, ranging from food safety and environmental analysis, to healthcare and medicine. However, one of the most prominent drawbacks of these technologies, especially in the biomedical field, is to employ conventional samples, such as blood, urine, tissue extracts and other body fluids for analysis, which suffer from the drawbacks of invasiveness, discomfort, and high costs encountered in transportation and storage, thereby hindering these products to be applied for point-of-care testing that has garnered substantial attention in recent years. Therefore, through this review, we emphasize for the first time, the applications of switching over to noninvasive sampling techniques involving hair and nails that not only circumvent most of the aforementioned limitations, but also serve as interesting alternatives in understanding the human physiology involving minimal costs, equipment and human interference when combined with rapidly advancing technologies, such as microfluidics and organ-on-a-chip to achieve miniaturization on an unprecedented scale. The coalescence between these two fields has not only led to the fabrication of novel microdevices involving hair and nails, but also function as robust biosensors for the detection of biomarkers, chemicals, metabolites and nucleic acids through noninvasive sampling. Finally, we have also elucidated a plethora of futuristic innovations that could be incorporated in such devices, such as expanding their applications in nail and hair-based drug delivery, their potential in serving as next-generation wearable sensors and integrating these devices with machine-learning for enhanced automation and decentralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohitraj Ray
- Department of Bioengineering (BE), Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Amith Rakesh
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics (μSenD) Laboratory, Centre for Microfluidics, Biomarkers, Photoceutics and Sensors (μBioPS), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576 104, India
| | - Sheetal Singh
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics (μSenD) Laboratory, Centre for Microfluidics, Biomarkers, Photoceutics and Sensors (μBioPS), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576 104, India
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Naresh Kumar Mani
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics (μSenD) Laboratory, Centre for Microfluidics, Biomarkers, Photoceutics and Sensors (μBioPS), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576 104, India
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Sudarsan S, Shetty P, Chinnappan R, Mani NK. Tuning Hydrophobicity of Paper Substrates for Effective Colorimetric detection of Glucose and Nucleic acids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:6449-6460. [PMID: 37665340 PMCID: PMC10567893 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the colorimetric response of standard glucose, serum glucose, and nucleic acid assays on various paper surfaces with different wettability, including hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and nearly superhydrophobic surfaces. Water contact angles (WCA) formed by water droplets on each surface were measured using ImageJ software. The hydrophilic surface showed no contact angle, while the hydrophobic and nearly superhydrophobic surfaces exhibited contact angles of 115.667° and 133.933°, respectively. The colorimetric sensitivity of the standard glucose assay was analyzed on these surfaces, revealing enhanced sensitivity on the nearly superhydrophobic surface due to the high molecular crowding effect owing to its non-wetting behavior and eventually confined reaction product at the sample loading zone. The hydrophobic nature of the surface restricts the spreading and diffusion of the reaction product, leading to a controlled and localized concentration of the assay product leading to moderate colorimetric intensity. On the other hand, the hydrophilic surface showed the least enhancement in colorimetric sensitivity; this is attributed to the high wettability of the hydrophilic surface causing the reaction product to spread extensively, resulting in a larger area of dispersion and consequently a lower colorimetric intensity. The measured limit of detection (LOD) for nucleic acid on nearly superhydrophobic surfaces was found to be 16.15 ng/µL, which was almost four-fold lower than on hydrophilic surfaces (60.08 ng/µL). Additionally, the LODs of standard glucose and clinical serum samples were two-fold lower on nearly superhydrophobic surfaces compared to hydrophilic surfaces. Our findings clearly highlight the promising potential of utilizing superhydrophobic surfaces to significantly enhance colorimetric sensitivity in paper-based diagnostic applications. This innovative approach holds promise for advancing point-of-care diagnostics and improving disease detection in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujesh Sudarsan
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics (μSenD) Laboratory, Centre for Microfluidics, Biomarkers, Photoceutics and Sensors (μBioPS), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Prashil Shetty
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics (μSenD) Laboratory, Centre for Microfluidics, Biomarkers, Photoceutics and Sensors (μBioPS), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Raja Chinnappan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, 11533, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naresh Kumar Mani
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics (μSenD) Laboratory, Centre for Microfluidics, Biomarkers, Photoceutics and Sensors (μBioPS), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Paper-based dots and smartphone for detecting counterfeit country eggs. Food Chem 2023; 403:134484. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Ren WQ, Ji B, Kuang Z, Fang F, Guo XL, Wu ZY. Paper-based Analytical Device for Fast Colorimetric Detection of Total Hemoglobin and Free Hemoglobin from Human Blood Sample. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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7
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Kulabhusan PK, Ray R, Ramachandra SG, Srinivasulu M, Hariharan A, Balaji K, Mani NK. Coalescing aptamers and liquid-crystals for sensing applications. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Selvam G, Dheivasigamani T, Prabhu A, Mani NK. Embellishing 2-D MoS 2 Nanosheets on Lotus Thread Devices for Enhanced Hydrophobicity and Antimicrobial Activity. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:24606-24613. [PMID: 35874217 PMCID: PMC9301725 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report cellulose-based threads from Indian sacred Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) of the Nymphaceae family embellished with MoS2 nanosheets for its enhanced hydrophobic and antimicrobial properties. MoS2 nanosheets synthesized by a coprecipitation method using sodium molybdate dihydrate (Na2MoO4·2H2O) and thioacetamide (CH3CSNH2) were used as a sourse for MoS2 particle growth with cellulose threads extracted from lotus peduncles. The size, crystallinity, and morphology of pure and MoS2-coated fibers were studied using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). the XRD pattern of pure lotus threads showed a semicrystalline nature, and the threads@MoS2 composite showed more crystallinity than the pure threads. SEM depicts that pure lotus threads possess a smooth surface, and the MoS2 nanosheets growth can be easily identified on the threads@MoS2. Further, the presence of MoS2 nanosheets on threads was confirmed with EDX elemental analysis. Antimicrobial studies with Escherichia coli and Candida albicans reveal that threads@MoS2 have better resistance than its counterpart, i.e., pure threads. MoS2 sheets play a predominant role in restricting the wicking capability of the pure threads due to their enhanced hydrophobic property. The water absorbency assay denotes the absorption rate of threads@MoS2 to 80%, and threads@MoS2 shows no penetration for the observed 60 min, thus confirming its wicking restriction. The contact angle for threads@MoS2 is 128°, indicating its improved hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govarthini
Seerangan Selvam
- Nano-crystal
Design and Application Lab (n-DAL), Department of Physics, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore-641062, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Thangaraju Dheivasigamani
- Nano-crystal
Design and Application Lab (n-DAL), Department of Physics, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore-641062, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Anusha Prabhu
- Microfluidics,
Sensors and Diagnostics Laboratory (μSenD), Department of Biotechnology,
Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal
Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka India
| | - Naresh Kumar Mani
- Microfluidics,
Sensors and Diagnostics Laboratory (μSenD), Department of Biotechnology,
Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal
Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka India
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Latex-Based Paper Devices with Super Solvent Resistance for On-the-Spot Detection of Metanil Yellow in Food Samples. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe following paper presents a construct for a paper-based device which utilizes latex as the hydrophobic material for the fabrication of its hydrophobic barrier, which was deposited onto the cellulose surface either by free-hand or stenciled drawing. This method demands the least amount of expertise and time from its use, enabling a simple and rapid fabrication experience. Several properties of the hydrophobic material were characterized, such as the hydro head and penetration rate, with the aim of assessing its robustness and stability. The presented hydrophobic barriers fabricated using this approach have a barrier width of 4 mm, a coating thickness of 208 µm, and a hydrophilic resolution of 446.5 µm. This fabrication modality boasts an excellent solvent resistance with regard to the hydrophobic barrier. These devices were employed for on-the-spot detection of Metanil Yellow, a banned food adulterant often used in curcumin and pigeon peas, within successful limits of detection (LOD) of 0.5% (w/w) and 0.25% (w/w), respectively. These results indicate the great potential this fabricated hydrophobic device has in numerous paper-based applications and other closely related domains, such as diagnostics and sensing, signalling its capacity to become commonplace in both industrial and domestic settings.
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Ray R, Prabhu A, Prasad D, Garlapati VK, Aminabhavi TM, Mani NK, Simal-Gandara J. Paper-based microfluidic devices for food adulterants: Cost-effective technological monitoring systems. Food Chem 2022; 390:133173. [PMID: 35594772 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Analytical sciences have witnessed emergent techniques for efficient clinical and industrial food adulterants detection. In this review, the contributions made by the paper-based devices are highlighted for efficient and rapid detection of food adulterants and additives, which is the need of the hour and how different categories of techniques have been developed in the past decade for upgrading the performance for point-of-care testing. A simple strategy with an arrangement for detecting specific adulterants followed by the addition of samples to obtain well-defined qualitative or quantitative signals for confirming the presence of target species. The paper-based microfluidics-based technology advances and prospects for food adulterant detection are discussed given the high-demand from the food sectors and serve as a valued technology for food researchers working in interdisciplinary technological frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohitraj Ray
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics (µSenD) Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Anusha Prabhu
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics (µSenD) Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Dinesh Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Garlapati
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173234, India.
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi, Karnataka 580 031, India; School of Engineering, UPES, Bidholi, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248 007, India.
| | - Naresh Kumar Mani
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics (µSenD) Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E-32004 Ourense, Spain.
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Suratsawadee A, Wangmo L, Ratvijitvech T, Siripinyanond A. A spoilage indicator card based on distance-based color change of paper impregnated with acid-base indicator for freshness monitoring of shrimp. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Hasandka A, Singh AR, Prabhu A, Singhal HR, Nandagopal MSG, Mani NK. Paper and thread as media for the frugal detection of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:847-865. [PMID: 34668042 PMCID: PMC8724062 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) make up a significant proportion of the global burden of disease in vulnerable groups and tend to substantially impair the quality of life of those affected, making timely detection of UTIs a priority for public health. However, economic and societal barriers drastically reduce accessibility of traditional lab-based testing methods for critical patient groups in low-resource areas, negatively affecting their overall healthcare outcomes. As a result, cellulose-based materials such as paper and thread have garnered significant interest among researchers as substrates for so-called frugal analytical devices which leverage the material's portability and adaptability for facile and reproducible diagnoses of UTIs. Although the field may be only in its infancy, strategies aimed at commercial penetration can appreciably increase access to more healthcare options for at-risk people. In this review, we catalogue recent advances in devices that use cellulose-based materials as the primary housing or medium for UTI detection and chart out trends in the field. We also explore different modalities employed for detection, with particular emphasis on their ability to be ported onto discreet casings such as sanitary products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrutha Hasandka
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics Laboratory (μSenD), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Ankita Ramchandran Singh
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics Laboratory (μSenD), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Anusha Prabhu
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics Laboratory (μSenD), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Hardik Ramesh Singhal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - M S Giri Nandagopal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Mani
- Microfluidics, Sensors and Diagnostics Laboratory (μSenD), Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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