1
|
Coll-Satue C, Rubio-Huertas M, Ducrot A, Norkute E, Liu X, Ebrahim FM, Smit B, Thulstrup PW, Hosta-Rigau L. A novel PEG-mediated approach to entrap hemoglobin (Hb) within ZIF-8 nanoparticles: Balancing crystalline structure, Hb content and functionality. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 163:213953. [PMID: 39029206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carriers are investigated as a potential alternative or supplement to regular blood transfusions, particularly in critical and life-threatening scenarios. These include situations like severe trauma in remote areas, battlefield conditions, instances where blood transfusion is not feasible due to compatibility concerns, or when patients decline transfusions based on religious beliefs. This study introduces a novel method utilizing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to entrap Hb within ZIF-8 nanoparticles (i.e., Hb@ZIF-8 NPs). Through meticulous screening, we achieved Hb@ZIF-8 NPs with a record-high Hb concentration of 34 mg mL-1. These NPs, sized at 168 nm, displayed exceptional properties: a remarkable 95 % oxyhemoglobin content, excellent encapsulation efficiency of 85 %, and resistance to Hb oxidation into methemoglobin (metHb). The addition of PEG emerged as a crucial factor amplifying Hb entrapment within ZIF-8, especially at higher Hb concentrations, reaching an unprecedented 34 mg mL-1. Importantly, PEG exhibited a protective effect, preventing metHb conversion in Hb@ZIF-8 NPs at elevated Hb concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Coll-Satue
- Department of Health Technology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marta Rubio-Huertas
- Department of Health Technology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Aurelie Ducrot
- Department of Health Technology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Evita Norkute
- Department of Health Technology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Health Technology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Fatmah Mish Ebrahim
- Laboratory of Molecular Simulation (LSMO), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Valais, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Berend Smit
- Laboratory of Molecular Simulation (LSMO), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Valais, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Peter Waaben Thulstrup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leticia Hosta-Rigau
- Department of Health Technology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang E, Li H, Han H, Guo L, Liang Y, Huang Z, Qin K, Du X. Polydopamine-Coated Kaempferol-Loaded MOF Nanoparticles: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Postoperative Neurocognitive Disorder. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:4569-4588. [PMID: 38799697 PMCID: PMC11127663 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s455492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The primary objective of this study was to develop an innovative nanomedicine-based therapeutic strategy to alleviate Postoperative Neurocognitive Disorder (PND) in patients undergoing surgery. Patients and Methods To achieve this goal, polydopamine-coated Kaempferol-loaded Metal-Organic Framework nanoparticles (pDA/KAE@ZIF-8) were synthesized and evaluated. The study involved encapsulating Kaempferol (KAE) within ZIF-8 nanoparticles, followed by coating with polydopamine (PDA) to enhance biocompatibility and targeted delivery. The characterization of these nanoparticles (NPs) was conducted using various techniques including Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, and Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy. The efficacy of pDA/KAE@ZIF-8 NPs was tested in both in vitro and in vivo models, specifically focusing on their ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and protect neuronal cells against oxidative stress. Results The study found that pDA/KAE@ZIF-8 NPs efficiently penetrated the blood-brain barrier and were significantly taken up by neuronal cells. These nanoparticles demonstrated remarkable Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) scavenging capabilities and stability under physiological conditions. In vitro studies showed that pDA/KAE@ZIF-8 NPs provided protection to HT-22 neuronal cells against H2O2-induced oxidative stress, reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and decreased apoptosis rates. In a PND mouse model, the treatment with pDA/KAE@ZIF-8 NPs significantly improved cognitive functions, surpassing the effects of KAE alone. This improvement was substantiated through behavioral tests and a noted reduction in hippocampal inflammation. Conclusion The findings from this study underscore the potential of pDA/KAE@ZIF-8 NPs as an effective nanotherapeutic agent for PND. This approach offers a novel direction in the postoperative care of elderly patients, with the potential to transform the therapeutic landscape for neurocognitive disorders following surgery. The application of nanotechnology in this context opens new avenues for more effective and targeted treatments, thereby improving the quality of life for patients suffering from PND.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enhao Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530007, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Basic Science and Prevention of Perioperative Organ Dysfunction, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huadao Li
- Key Laboratory for Basic Science and Prevention of Perioperative Organ Dysfunction, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanghang Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530007, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Basic Science and Prevention of Perioperative Organ Dysfunction, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lianshan Guo
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530007, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yubing Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zijin Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530007, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Qin
- Guilin People’s Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 541100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueke Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530007, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nadimifar M, Jin W, Coll-Satue C, Bor G, Kempen PJ, Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Hosta-Rigau L. Synthesis of bioactive hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier nanoparticles via metal-phenolic complexation. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 156:213698. [PMID: 38006785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
The transfusion of donor red blood cells (RBCs) is seriously hampered by important drawbacks that include limited availability and portability, the requirement of being stored in refrigerated conditions, a short shelf life or the need for RBC group typing and crossmatching. Thus, hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen (O2) carriers (HBOCs) which make use of the main component of RBCs and the responsible protein for O2 transport, hold a lot of promise in modern transfusion and emergency medicine. Despite the great progress achieved, it is still difficult to create HBOCs with a high Hb content to attain the high O2 demands of our body. Herein a metal-phenolic self-assembly approach that can be conducted in water and in one step to prepare nanoparticles (NPs) fully made of Hb (Hb-NPs) is presented. In particular, by combining Hb with polyethylene glycol, tannic acid (TA) and manganese ions, spherical Hb-NPs with a uniform size around 350-525 nm are obtained. The functionality of the Hb-NPs is preserved as shown by their ability to bind and release O2 over multiple rounds. The binding mechanism of TA and Hb is thoroughly investigated by UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The binding site number, apparent binding constant at two different temperatures and the corresponding thermodynamic parameters are identified. The results demonstrate that the TA-Hb interaction takes place through a static mechanism in a spontaneous process as shown by the decrease in Gibbs free energy. The associated increase in entropy suggests that the TA-Hb binding is dominated by hydrophobic interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadsadegh Nadimifar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; DTU Health Tech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Weiguang Jin
- DTU Health Tech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Clara Coll-Satue
- DTU Health Tech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gizem Bor
- DTU Health Tech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Paul Joseph Kempen
- DTU Health Tech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; DTU Nanolab, National Center for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, Building 347, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Leticia Hosta-Rigau
- DTU Health Tech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nadimifar M, Ghourchian H, Hosta-Rigau L, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. Structural and functional alterations of polydopamine-coated hemoglobin: New insights for the development of successful oxygen carriers. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127275. [PMID: 37804889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the major factors that is currently hindering the development of hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) is the autoxidation of Hb into nonfunctional methemoglobin. Modification with polydopamine (PDA), which is a biocompatible free radical scavenger has shown the ability to protect Hb against oxidation. Due to its tremendous potential in the development of successful HBOCs, herein, we conduct a thorough evaluation of the effect of PDA on the stability, aggregation, structure and function of the underlying Hb. By UV-vis spectrometry we show that PDA can prevent Hb's aggregation while thermal denaturation studies indicate that, although PDA coating resulted in a lower midpoint transition temperature, it was also able to protect the protein from full denaturation. These results are further corroborated by differential scanning calorimetry. Circular dichroism reveals that PDA can promote changes in Hb's secondary structure while, by UV-vis spectroscopy, we show that PDA also interacts with the porphyrin complex located in Hb's hydrophobic pocket. Last but not least, affinity studies show that PDA-coated Hb has a higher capability for oxygen release. Such an effect is further enhanced at lower pH. Importantly, through molecular docking simulations we provide a plausible explanation for the observed experimental results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leticia Hosta-Rigau
- DTU Health Tech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shen J, Chen G, Zhao L, Huang G, Liu H, Liu B, Miao Y, Li Y. Recent Advances in Nanoplatform Construction Strategy for Alleviating Tumor Hypoxia. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300089. [PMID: 37055912 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a typical feature of most solid tumors and has important effects on tumor cells' proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. This is the key factor that leads to poor efficacy of different kinds of therapy including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, etc. In recent years, the construction of hypoxia-relieving functional nanoplatforms through nanotechnology has become a new strategy to reverse the current situation of tumor microenvironment hypoxia and improve the effectiveness of tumor treatment. Here, the main strategies and recent progress in constructing nanoplatforms are focused on to directly carry oxygen, generate oxygen in situ, inhibit mitochondrial respiration, and enhance blood perfusion to alleviate tumor hypoxia. The advantages and disadvantages of these nanoplatforms are compared. Meanwhile, nanoplatforms based on organic and inorganic substances are also summarized and classified. Through the comprehensive overview, it is hoped that the summary of these nanoplatforms for alleviating hypoxia could provide new enlightenment and prospects for the construction of nanomaterials in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shen
- School of Materials and Chemistry & Institute of Bismuth, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Guobo Chen
- School of Materials and Chemistry & Institute of Bismuth, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Linghao Zhao
- Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Guoyang Huang
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Naval Special Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Baolin Liu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Yuqing Miao
- School of Materials and Chemistry & Institute of Bismuth, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Yuhao Li
- School of Materials and Chemistry & Institute of Bismuth, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cun X, Jansman MMT, Liu X, Boureau V, Thulstrup PW, Hosta-Rigau L. Hemoglobin-stabilized gold nanoclusters displaying oxygen transport ability, self-antioxidation, auto-fluorescence properties and long-term storage potential. RSC Adv 2023; 13:15540-15553. [PMID: 37228685 PMCID: PMC10203863 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00689a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) holds a lot of potential to overcome important drawbacks of donor blood such as a short shelf life or the potential risk of infection. However, a crucial limitation of current HBOCs is the autoxidation of Hb into methemoglobin (metHb), which lacks oxygen-carrying capacity. Herein, we address this challenge by fabricating a Hb and gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) composite (Hb@AuNCs) which preserves the exceptional features of both systems. Specifically, the Hb@AuNCs retain the oxygen-transporting properties of Hb, while the AuNCs provide antioxidant functionality as shown by their ability to catalytically deplete harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS). Importantly, these ROS-scavenging properties translate into antioxidant protection by minimizing the autoxidation of Hb into non-functional metHb. Furthermore, the AuNCs render Hb@AuNCs with auto-fluorescence properties which could potentially allow them to be monitored once administered into the body. Last but not least, these three features (i.e., oxygen transport, antioxidant and fluorescence properties) are well maintained following storage as a freeze-dried product. Thus, overall, the as-prepared Hb@AuNCs hold the potential to be used as a multifunctional blood surrogate in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingli Cun
- DTU Health Tech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Michelle M T Jansman
- DTU Health Tech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- DTU Health Tech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Victor Boureau
- Interdisciplinary Center for Electron Microscopy (CIME), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Peter W Thulstrup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Leticia Hosta-Rigau
- DTU Health Tech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu X, Domingues NP, Oveisi E, Coll-Satue C, Jansman MMT, Smit B, Hosta-Rigau L. Metal-organic framework-based oxygen carriers with antioxidant activity resulting from the incorporation of gold nanozymes. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:2551-2565. [PMID: 36786283 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01405j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Blood transfusions are a life-saving procedure since they can preserve the body's oxygen levels in patients suffering from acute trauma, undergoing surgery, receiving chemotherapy or affected by severe blood disorders. Due to the central role of hemoglobin (Hb) in oxygen transport, so-called Hb-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) are currently being developed for situations where donor blood is not available. In this context, an important challenge that needs to be addressed is the oxidation of Hb into methemoglobin (metHb), which is unable to bind and release oxygen. While several research groups have considered the incorporation of antioxidant enzymes to create HBOCs with minimal metHb conversion, the use of biological enzymes has important limitations related to their high cost, potential immunogenicity or low stability in vivo. Thus, nanomaterials with enzyme-like properties (i.e., nanozymes (NZs)) have emerged as a promising alternative. Amongst the different NZs, gold (Au)-based metallic nanoparticles are widely used for biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and multi-enzyme mimicking abilities. Thus, in this work, we incorporate Au-based NZs into a type of HBOC previously reported by our group (i.e., Hb-loaded metal-organic framework (MOF)-based nanocarriers (NCs)) and investigate their antioxidant properties. Specifically, we prepare MOF-NCs loaded with Au-based NZs and demonstrate their ability to catalytically deplete over multiple rounds of two prominent reactive oxygen species (ROS) that exacerbate Hb's autoxidation (i.e., hydrogen peroxide and the superoxide radical). Importantly, following loading with Hb, we show how these ROS-scavenging properties translate into a decrease in metHb content. All in all, these results highlight the potential of NZs to create novel HBOCs with antioxidant protection which may find applications as a blood substitute in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Liu
- DTU Health Tech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Nency Patricio Domingues
- Laboratory of Molecular Simulation (LSMO), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)-Valais, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Emad Oveisi
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Electron Microscopy (CIME), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clara Coll-Satue
- DTU Health Tech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Michelle Maria Theresia Jansman
- DTU Health Tech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Berend Smit
- Laboratory of Molecular Simulation (LSMO), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)-Valais, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Leticia Hosta-Rigau
- DTU Health Tech, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 423, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jansman MMT, Coll-Satue C, Liu X, Kempen PJ, Andresen TL, Thulstrup PW, Hosta-Rigau L. Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers camouflaged with membranes extracted from red blood cells: Optimization and assessment of functionality. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2022; 134:112691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2022.112691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|