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Duan X, Zhao Y, Hu H, Wang X, Yan J, Li S, Zhang Y, Jiao J, Zhang G. Amino Acid Metabolism-Regulated Nanomedicine for Enhanced Tumor Immunotherapy through Synergistic Regulation of Immune Microenvironment. Biomater Res 2024; 28:0048. [PMID: 38966855 PMCID: PMC11223770 DOI: 10.34133/bmr.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The reprogramming of tumor metabolism presents a substantial challenge for effective immunotherapy, playing a crucial role in developing an immunosuppressive microenvironment. In particular, the degradation of the amino acid L-tryptophan (Trp) to kynurenine (Kyn) by indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is one of the most clinically validated pathways for immune suppression. Thus, regulating the Trp/Kyn metabolism by IDO1 inhibition represents a promising strategy for enhancing immunotherapy. Herein, metabolism-regulated nanoparticles are prepared through metal coordination-driven assembly of an IDO1 inhibitor (NLG919) and a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist (MSA-2) for enhanced immunotherapy. After intravenous administration, the assembled nanoparticles could efficiently accumulate in tumors, enhancing the bioavailability of NLG919 and down-regulating the metabolism of Trp to Kyn to remodel the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Meanwhile, the released MSA-2 evoked potent STING pathway activation in tumors, triggering an effective immune response. The antitumor immunity induced by nanoparticles significantly inhibited the development of primary and metastatic tumors, as well as B16 melanoma. Overall, this study provided a novel paradigm for enhancing tumor immunotherapy through synergistic amino acid metabolism and STING pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Duan
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center,
Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
- School of Life Sciences,
Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Yilei Zhao
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center,
Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Houyang Hu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center,
Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Xuechun Wang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center,
Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center,
Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Songyan Li
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center,
Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Yueying Zhang
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences,
Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Jianwei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guiqiang Zhang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center,
Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
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2
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Zika A, Agarwal M, Zika W, Guldi DM, Schweins R, Gröhn F. Photoacid-macroion assemblies: how photo-excitation switches the size of nano-objects. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:923-940. [PMID: 38108137 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04570f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatic self-assembly of photoacids with oppositely charged macroions yields supramolecular nano-objects in aqueous solutions, whose size is controlled through light irradiation. Nano-assemblies are formed due to electrostatic attractions and mutual hydrogen bonding of the photoacids. Irradiation with UV light leads to the deprotonation of the photoacid and, consequently, a change in particle size. Overall, the hydrodynamic radii of the well-defined photoacid-macroion nano-objects lie between 130 and 370 nm. For a set of photoacids, we determine the acidity constants in the ground and excited state, discuss the sizes of photoacid-macroion nano-objects (by dynamic and static light scattering), their composition and the particle shapes (by small-angle neutron scattering), and relate their charge characteristics to size, structure and shape. We investigate the association thermodynamics and relate nanoscale structures to thermodynamics and, in turn, thermodynamics to molecular features, particularly the ionization energy of the photoacid hydroxyl group proton. Structure-directing effects completely differ from those for previously investigated systems, with hydrogen bonding and entropic effects playing a major role herein. This combined approach allows developing a comprehensive understanding of assembly formation and photo-response, anchored in molecular parameters (pKa, ionization energy, substituent group location), charge characteristics, and the association enthalpy and entropy. This fundamental understanding again paves the way for tailoring application solutions with novel photoresponsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zika
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, and Bavarian Polymer Institute Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Mohit Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, and Bavarian Polymer Institute Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- DS LSS Institut Laue - Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20 156, 38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France
| | - Wiebke Zika
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf Schweins
- DS LSS Institut Laue - Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20 156, 38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, and Bavarian Polymer Institute Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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3
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Liu X, Lu Y, Li X, Luo L, You J. Nanoplatform-enhanced photodynamic therapy for the induction of immunogenic cell death. J Control Release 2024; 365:1058-1073. [PMID: 38056695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
As an efficient, non-invasive, low-side-effect, and highly selective cancer therapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used to treat various malignant tumors. However, the inefficiency of dealing with deep tumors and metastatic lesions highly limits the use of PDT. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a particular form of tumor cell death that could elicit a tumor-special immune response, leading to a systemic anti-tumor effect and providing therapeutic benefits for metastatic lesions. In this regard, it is crucial to enhance the ability of PDT to induce ICD. Luckily, advanced nanotechnology created many promising ways to improve the immunogenicity of PDT and achieve photoimmunotherapy. This review summarizes the emerging strategies for triggering immunogenic cell death via nanoplatform-enhanced PDT, with particular emphasis on their advantages in photoimmunotherapy. We highlight the nanoplatforms classified according to the basic principles of photodynamic therapy and immunogenic cell death, which provides a valuable reference for the design of nanoplatform for photoimmunotherapy. In addition, we also discuss the current situation and prospect of nano-based photoimmunotherapy in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yichao Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Lihua Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China; Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, 498 Yiwu Street, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321299, P. R. China.
| | - Jian You
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P. R. China; The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 QingChun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P. R. China; Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, 498 Yiwu Street, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321299, P. R. China.
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4
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Chou W, Sun T, Peng N, Wang Z, Chen D, Qiu H, Zhao H. Photodynamic Therapy-Induced Anti-Tumor Immunity: Influence Factors and Synergistic Enhancement Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2617. [PMID: 38004595 PMCID: PMC10675361 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an approved therapeutic procedure that exerts cytotoxic activity towards tumor cells by activating photosensitizers (PSs) with light exposure to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Compared to traditional treatment strategies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, PDT not only kills the primary tumors, but also effectively suppresses metastatic tumors by activating the immune response. However, the anti-tumor immune effects induced by PDT are influenced by several factors, including the localization of PSs in cells, PSs concentration, fluence rate of light, oxygen concentration, and the integrity of immune function. In this review, we systematically summarize the influence factors of anti-tumor immune effects mediated by PDT. Furthermore, an update on the combination of PDT and other immunotherapy strategies are provided. Finally, the future directions and challenges of anti-tumor immunity induced by PDT are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Chou
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (N.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Tianzhen Sun
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (N.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Nian Peng
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (N.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Zixuan Wang
- Department of Laser Medicine, the First Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;
| | - Defu Chen
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (N.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Haixia Qiu
- Department of Laser Medicine, the First Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;
| | - Hongyou Zhao
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (N.P.); (D.C.)
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5
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Zhang JY, Gao WD, Lin JY, Xu S, Zhang LJ, Lu XC, Luan X, Peng JQ, Chen Y. Nanotechnology-based photo-immunotherapy: a new hope for inhibition of melanoma growth and metastasis. J Drug Target 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37216425 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2023.2216402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer and there is a need for the development of effective anti-melanoma therapies as it shows high metastatic ability and low response rate. In addition, it has been identified that traditional phototherapy could trigger immunogenic cell death (ICD) to activate antitumor immune response, which could not only effectively arrest primary tumor growth, but also exhibit superior effects in terms of anti-metastasis, anti-recurrence for metastatic melanoma treatment However, the limited tumor accumulation of photosensitizers/photothermal agents and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment severely weaken the immune effects. The application of nanotechnology facilitates a higher accumulation of photosensitizers/photothermal agents at the tumor site, which can thus improve the antitumor effects of photo-immunotherapy (PIT). In this review, we summarize the basic principles of nanotechnology-based PIT and highlight novel nanotechnologies that are expected to enhance the antitumor immune response for improved therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei-Dong Gao
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia-Yi Lin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin-Chen Lu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Luan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian-Qing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
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6
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Photodynamic Opening of the Blood-Brain Barrier and the Meningeal Lymphatic System: The New Niche in Immunotherapy for Brain Tumors. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122612. [PMID: 36559105 PMCID: PMC9784636 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising add-on therapy to the current standard of care for patients with glioblastoma (GBM). The traditional explanation of the anti-cancer PDT effects involves the PDT-induced generation of a singlet oxygen in the GBM cells, which causes tumor cell death and microvasculature collapse. Recently, new vascular mechanisms of PDT associated with opening of the blood-brain barrier (OBBB) and the activation of functions of the meningeal lymphatic vessels have been discovered. In this review, we highlight the emerging trends and future promises of immunotherapy for brain tumors and discuss PDT-OBBB as a new niche and an important informative platform for the development of innovative pharmacological strategies for the modulation of brain tumor immunity and the improvement of immunotherapy for GBM.
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7
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Hao Y, Li H, Zhao H, Liu Y, Ge X, Li X, Chen H, Yang A, Zou J, Li X, Sun X, Zhang X, Wang X, Li Z, Zhang Q, Wu H, Wang G, Zhang J, De Geest BG, Zhang Z. An Intelligent Nanovehicle Armed with Multifunctional Navigation for Precise Delivery of Toll-Like Receptor 7/8 Agonist and Immunogenic Cell Death Amplifiers to Eliminate Solid Tumors and Trigger Durable Antitumor Immunity. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102739. [PMID: 35306756 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is revolutionary in oncology and hematology. However, a low response rate restricts the clinical benefits of this therapy owing to inadequate T lymphocyte infiltration and low delivery efficiency of immunotherapeutic drugs. Herein, an intelligent nanovehicle (folic acid (FA)/1-(4-(aminomethyl) benzyl)-2-butyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine (IMDQ)-oxaliplatin (F/IMO)@CuS) armed with multifunctional navigation is designed for the accurate delivery of cargoes to tumor cells and dendritic cells (DCs), respectively. The nanovehicle is based on a near infrared-responsive inorganic CuS nanoparticles, acting as a photosensitizer and carrier of the chemotherapeutic agent oxaliplatin, and enters tumor cells owing to the presence of folic acid on the surface of CuS upon intratumoral injection. Furthermore, a toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonist-conjugated polymer, anchored on the surface of CuS, is modified with mannose to bind with DCs in the tumor microenvironment. Upon exposure to laser irradiation, nanovehicles disassemble, releasing oxaliplatin, to ablate tumor cells and amplify immunogenic cell death in combination with photothermal therapy. Mannose-modified polymer-TLR7/8 agonist conjugates are subsequently exposed, leading to the activation of DCs and proliferation of T cells. Collectively, these intelligent nanovehicles reduce tumor burden, exert a robust antitumor immune response, and generate long-term immune protection to prevent tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Hao
- Department of Pharmaceutics Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University Jinan Shandong Province 250012 P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University Jinan Shandong Province 250012 P. R. China
| | - Huajun Zhao
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shandong University Jinan Shandong Province 250012 P. R. China
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University Jinan Shandong Province 250012 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Ge
- Department of Pharmaceutics Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University Jinan Shandong Province 250012 P. R. China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University Jinan Shandong Province 250012 P. R. China
| | - Hongfei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University Jinan Shandong Province 250012 P. R. China
| | - Ailu Yang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shandong University Jinan Shandong Province 250012 P. R. China
| | - Jing Zou
- Department of Pharmaceutics Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University Jinan Shandong Province 250012 P. R. China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shandong University Jinan Shandong Province 250012 P. R. China
| | - Xuechun Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene School of Public Health Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University Jinan Shandong Province 250012 P. R. China
| | - Xinke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate‐Based Medicine Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University 44 Wenhuaxi Road Jinan Shandong Province 250012 P. R. China
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University 44 Wenhuaxi Road Jinan Shandong Province 250012 P. R. China
| | - Zepeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Qilu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene School of Public Health Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University Jinan Shandong Province 250012 P. R. China
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Immunology College of Basic Medical Science Dalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning Province 116044 P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shandong University Jinan Shandong Province 250012 P. R. China
| | - Bruno G. De Geest
- Department of Pharmaceutics Ghent University Ottergemsesteenweg 460 Ghent 9000 Belgium
| | - Zhiyue Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University Jinan Shandong Province 250012 P. R. China
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Wen D, Zhang X, Ding L, Wen H, Liu W, Zhang C, Wang B, Li L, Diao H. Folic acid functionalized aggregation-induced emission nanoparticles for tumor cell targeted imaging and photodynamic therapy. RSC Adv 2022; 12:4484-4489. [PMID: 35425471 PMCID: PMC8981163 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09173e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, molecules with aggregation-induced luminescence (AIE) characteristics have received more and more attention due to the fluorescence of traditional dyes being easily quenched in the aggregated state. AIE molecules have significant advantages, such as excellent light stability, bright fluorescence, high contrast, and large Stokes shift. These characteristics have aroused wide interest of researchers and opened up new applications in many fields, especially in the field of biological applications. However, AIE molecules or their aggregates have certain limitations in multifunctional biological research due to their low specific targeting ability, poor biocompatibility, and poor stability in physiological body fluids. In order to overcome these problems, a novel nanoparticle, FFM1, was fabricated and characterized. FFM1 displayed good water solubility, biocompatibility, and AIE emission properties. It could target HeLa cells specifically by recognizing their folate receptor. Reactive oxygen triggered by light irradiation induced tumor cell apoptosis. Summarily, FFM1 displayed excellent capacity in target imaging and photodynamic killing of HeLa cells. It has shown potential application value in targeted diagnosis and photodynamic therapy of tumors, and has important guiding significance for the treatment of malignant tumors. It paves a way for the development of a novel strategy for tumor theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danning Wen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan 030001 P. R. China
| | - Xueyun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan 030001 P. R. China
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan 030001 P. R. China
| | - Huan Wen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan 030001 P. R. China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan 030001 P. R. China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan 030001 P. R. China
| | - Chengwu Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan 030001 P. R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan 030001 P. R. China
| | - Lihong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan 030001 P. R. China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan 030001 P. R. China
| | - Haipeng Diao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan 030001 P. R. China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University Taiyuan 030001 P. R. China
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