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Hao T, Zhang B, Li W, Yang X, Wu S, Yuan Y, Cui H, Chen Q, Li Z. Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid-Cross-Linked Phenylboronic Acid-Functionalized Polyplex Micelles for Anti-angiogenic Gene Therapy of Orthotopic and Metastatic Tumors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38934519 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Polyplexes are required to be equipped with multiple functionalities to accomplish adequate structure stability and gene transfection efficacy for gene therapy. Herein, a 4-carboxy-3-fluorophenylboronic acid (FPBA)-functionalized block copolymer of PEG-b-PAsp(DET/FBA) and PAsp(DET/FBA) (abbreviated as PB and HB) was synthesized and applied for engineering functional polyplex micelles (PMs) through ionic complexation with pDNA followed by strategic cross-linking with nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) in respect to the potential linkage of polyphenol and FPBA moieties. In relation to polyplex micelles void of cross-linking, the engineered multifunctional polyplex micelles (PBHBN-PMs) were determined to possess improved structural tolerability against the exchange reaction with charged species. Besides, the FPBA/NDGA cross-linking appeared to be selectively cleaved in the acidic endosomal compartments but not the neutral milieu. Furthermore, the PBHB-PMs with the optimal FPBA/NDGA cross-linking degree were identified to possess appreciable cellular uptake and endosomal escape activities, eliciting a significantly high level of gene expression relative to P-PMs and PB-PMs. Eventually, in vivo antitumor therapy by our proposed multifunctional PMs appeared to be capable of facilitating expression of the antiangiogenic genomic payloads (sFlt-1 pDNA) via systemic administration. The enriched antiangiogenic sFlt-1 in the tumors could silence the activities of angiogenic cytokines for the inhibited neo-vasculature and the suppressed growth of orthotopic 4T1 tumors. Of note, the persistent expression of the antiangiogenic sFlt-1 is also presumed to migrate into the blood circulation, thereby accounting for an overall antiangiogenic environment in preventing the potential pulmonary metastasis. Hence, our elaborated multifaceted PMs inspired fascinating potential as an intriguing gene delivery system for the treatment of clinical solid tumors and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangna Hao
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Bingning Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xianxian Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Sha Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yujie Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Hongxia Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Qixian Chen
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314100, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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2
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Fang T, Chen G. Non-viral vector-based genome editing for cancer immunotherapy. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:3068-3085. [PMID: 38716572 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00286e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Despite the exciting promise of cancer immunotherapy in the clinic, immune checkpoint blockade therapy and T cell-based therapies are often associated with low response rates, intrinsic and adaptive immune resistance, and systemic side effects. CRISPR-Cas-based genome editing appears to be an effective strategy to overcome these unmet clinical needs. As a safer delivery platform for the CRISPR-Cas system, non-viral nanoformulations have been recently explored to target tumor cells and immune cells, aiming to improve cancer immunotherapy on a gene level. In this review, we summarized the efforts of non-viral vector-based CRISPR-Cas-mediated genome editing in tumor cells and immune cells for cancer immunotherapy. Their design rationale and specific applications were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxu Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Guojun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
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Sarangi P, Kumar N, Sambasivan R, Ramalingam S, Amit S, Chandra D, Jayandharan GR. AAV mediated genome engineering with a bypass coagulation factor alleviates the bleeding phenotype in a murine model of hemophilia B. Thromb Res 2024; 238:151-160. [PMID: 38718473 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2024.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
It is crucial to develop a long-term therapy that targets hemophilia A and B, including inhibitor-positive patients. We have developed an Adeno-associated virus (AAV) based strategy to integrate the bypass coagulation factor, activated FVII (murine, mFVIIa) gene into the Rosa26 locus using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 mediated gene-editing. AAV vectors designed for expression of guide RNA (AAV8-gRNA), Cas9 (AAV2 neddylation mutant-Cas9), and mFVIIa (AAV8-mFVIIa) flanked by homology arms of the target locus were validated in vitro. Hemophilia B mice were administered with AAV carrying gRNA, Cas9 (1 × 1011 vgs/mouse), and mFVIIa with homology arms (2 × 1011 vgs/mouse) with appropriate controls. Functional rescue was documented with suitable coagulation assays at various time points. The data from the T7 endonuclease assay revealed a cleavage efficiency of 20-42 %. Further, DNA sequencing confirmed the targeted integration of mFVIIa into the safe-harbor Rosa26 locus. The prothrombin time (PT) assay revealed a significant reduction in PT in mice that received the gene-editing vectors (22 %), and a 13 % decline in mice that received only the AAV-FVIIa when compared to mock treated mice, 8 weeks after vector administration. Furthermore, FVIIa activity in mice that received triple gene-editing vectors was higher (122.5mIU/mL vs 28.8mIU/mL) than the mock group up to 15 weeks post vector administration. A hemostatic challenge by tail clip assay revealed that hemophilia B mice injected with only FVIIa or the gene-editing vectors had significant reduction in blood loss. In conclusion, AAV based gene-editing facilitates sustained expression of coagulation FVIIa and phenotypic rescue in hemophilia B mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha Sarangi
- Laurus Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering and Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine and Gangwal School of Medical Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, UP, India
| | - Narendra Kumar
- Laurus Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering and Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine and Gangwal School of Medical Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, UP, India
| | - Ramkumar Sambasivan
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Sonal Amit
- Autonomous State Medical College, Kumbhi, Akbarpur, Kanpur, UP, India
| | - Dinesh Chandra
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Giridhara R Jayandharan
- Laurus Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering and Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine and Gangwal School of Medical Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, UP, India.
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Wang X, Wang X, Li Y, A S, Qiu B, Bushmalyova A, He Z, Wang W, Lara-Sáez I. CRISPR-Cas9-based non-viral gene editing therapy for topical treatment of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 31:101134. [PMID: 38027067 PMCID: PMC10630779 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.101134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is an autosomal monogenic skin disease caused by mutations in COL7A1 gene and lack of functional type VII collagen (C7). Currently, there is no cure for RDEB, and most of the gene therapies under development have been designed as ex vivo strategies because of the shortage of efficient and safe carriers for gene delivery. Herein, we designed, synthesized, and screened a new group of highly branched poly(β amino ester)s (HPAEs) as non-viral carriers for the delivery of plasmids encoding dual single-guide RNA (sgRNA)-guided CRISPR-Cas9 machinery to delete COL7A1 exon 80 containing the c.6527dupC mutation. The selected HPAEs (named PTTA-DATOD) showed robust transfection efficiency, comparable with or surpassing that of leading commercial gene transfection reagents such as Lipofectamine 3000, Xfect, and jetPEI, while maintaining negligible cytotoxicity. Furthermore, CRISPR-Cas9 plasmids delivered by PTTA-DATOD achieved efficient targeted deletion and restored bulk C7 production in RDEB patient keratinocyte polyclones. The non-viral CRISPR-Cas9-based COL7A1 exon deletion approach developed here has great potential to be used as a topical treatment for RDEB patients with mutations in COL7A1 exon 80. Besides, this therapeutic strategy can easily be adapted for mutations in other COL7A1 exons, other epidermolysis bullosa subtypes, and other genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqing Wang
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Xi Wang
- Research and Clinical Translation Center of Gene Medicine and Tissue Engineering, School of Public Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Yinghao Li
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sigen A
- Research and Clinical Translation Center of Gene Medicine and Tissue Engineering, School of Public Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Bei Qiu
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Albina Bushmalyova
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zhonglei He
- Research and Clinical Translation Center of Gene Medicine and Tissue Engineering, School of Public Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Wenxin Wang
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- Research and Clinical Translation Center of Gene Medicine and Tissue Engineering, School of Public Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Irene Lara-Sáez
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
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Bexte T, Reindl LM, Ullrich E. Nonviral technologies can pave the way for CAR-NK cell therapy. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 114:475-486. [PMID: 37403203 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells are a promising platform for cancer immunotherapy. Natural killer cells have high intrinsic killing capability, and the insertion of a chimeric antigen receptor can further enhance their antitumor potential. In first-in-human trials, chimeric antigen receptor-natural killer cells demonstrated strong clinical activity without therapy-induced side effects. The applicability of natural killer cells as an "off-the-shelf" product makes them highly attractive for gene-engineered cell therapies. Traditionally, viral transduction has been used for gene editing; however, the use of viral vectors remains a safety concern and is associated with high costs and regulatory requirements. Here, we review the current landscape of nonviral approaches for chimeric antigen receptor-natural killer cell generation. This includes transfection of vector particles and electroporation of mRNA and DNA vectors, resulting in transient modification and chimeric antigen receptor expression. In addition, using nonviral transposon technologies, natural killer cells can be stably modified ensuring long-lasting chimeric antigen receptor expression. Finally, we discuss CRISPR/Cas9 tools to edit key genes for natural killer cell functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bexte
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Pediatrics, Experimental Immunology & Cell Therapy, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Cancer Center (UCT), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Mildred Scheel Career Center (MSNZ), Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lisa Marie Reindl
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Pediatrics, Experimental Immunology & Cell Therapy, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Pediatrics, Experimental Immunology & Cell Therapy, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- University Cancer Center (UCT), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Mildred Scheel Career Center (MSNZ), Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) partner site Frankfurt/Mainz; Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Dubey AK, Mostafavi E. Biomaterials-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 delivery: recent challenges and opportunities in gene therapy. Front Chem 2023; 11:1259435. [PMID: 37841202 PMCID: PMC10568484 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1259435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of biomaterials in delivering CRISPR/Cas9 for gene therapy in infectious diseases holds tremendous potential. This innovative approach combines the advantages of CRISPR/Cas9 with the protective properties of biomaterials, enabling accurate and efficient gene editing while enhancing safety. Biomaterials play a vital role in shielding CRISPR/Cas9 components, such as lipid nanoparticles or viral vectors, from immunological processes and degradation, extending their effectiveness. By utilizing the flexibility of biomaterials, tailored systems can be designed to address specific genetic diseases, paving the way for personalized therapeutics. Furthermore, this delivery method offers promising avenues in combating viral illnesses by precisely modifying pathogen genomes, and reducing their pathogenicity. Biomaterials facilitate site-specific gene modifications, ensuring effective delivery to infected cells while minimizing off-target effects. However, challenges remain, including optimizing delivery efficiency, reducing off-target effects, ensuring long-term safety, and establishing scalable production techniques. Thorough research, pre-clinical investigations, and rigorous safety evaluations are imperative for successful translation from the laboratory to clinical applications. In this review, we discussed how CRISPR/Cas9 delivery using biomaterials revolutionizes gene therapy and infectious disease treatment, offering precise and safe editing capabilities with the potential to significantly improve human health and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar Dubey
- Global Research and Publishing Foundation, New Delhi, India
- Institute of Scholars, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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Nakamura S, Inada E, Saitoh I, Sato M. Recent Genome-Editing Approaches toward Post-Implanted Fetuses in Mice. BIOTECH 2023; 12:biotech12020037. [PMID: 37218754 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome editing, as exemplified by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, has recently been employed to effectively generate genetically modified animals and cells for the purpose of gene function analysis and disease model creation. There are at least four ways to induce genome editing in individuals: the first is to perform genome editing at the early preimplantation stage, such as fertilized eggs (zygotes), for the creation of whole genetically modified animals; the second is at post-implanted stages, as exemplified by the mid-gestational stages (E9 to E15), for targeting specific cell populations through in utero injection of viral vectors carrying genome-editing components or that of nonviral vectors carrying genome-editing components and subsequent in utero electroporation; the third is at the mid-gestational stages, as exemplified by tail-vein injection of genome-editing components into the pregnant females through which the genome-editing components can be transmitted to fetal cells via a placenta-blood barrier; and the last is at the newborn or adult stage, as exemplified by facial or tail-vein injection of genome-editing components. Here, we focus on the second and third approaches and will review the latest techniques for various methods concerning gene editing in developing fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Emi Inada
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Issei Saitoh
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho-shi 501-0296, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sato
- Department of Genome Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 Plasmid DNA by Hyperbranched Polymeric Nanoparticles Enables Efficient Gene Editing. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010156. [PMID: 36611948 PMCID: PMC9818138 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene editing nucleases such as CRISPR/Cas9 have enabled efficient and precise gene editing in vitro and hold promise of eventually achieving in vivo gene editing based therapy. However, a major challenge for their use is the lack of a safe and effective virus-free system to deliver gene editing nuclease elements. Polymers are a promising class of delivery vehicle due to their higher safety compared to currently used viral vectors, but polymers suffer from lower transfection efficiency. Polymeric vectors have been used for small nucleotide delivery but have yet to be used successfully with plasmid DNA (pDNA), which is often several hundred times larger than small nucleotides, presenting an engineering challenge. To address this, we extended our previously reported hyperbranched polymer (HP) delivery system for pDNA delivery by synthesizing several variants of HPs: HP-800, HP-1.8K, HP-10K, HP-25K. We demonstrate that all HPs have low toxicity in various cultured cells, with HP-25K being the most efficient at packaging and delivering pDNA. Importantly, HP-25K mediated delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 pDNA resulted in higher gene-editing rates than all other HPs and Lipofectamine at several clinically significant loci in different cell types. Consistently, HP-25K also led to more robust base editing when delivering the CRISPR base editor "BE4-max" pDNA to cells compared with Lipofectamine. The present work demonstrates that HP nanoparticles represent a promising class of vehicle for the non-viral delivery of pDNA towards the clinical application of gene-editing therapy.
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Liu H, Chen W, Li Y, Sun L, Chai Y, Chen H, Nie H, Huang C. CRISPR/Cas9 Technology and Its Utility for Crop Improvement. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10442. [PMID: 36142353 PMCID: PMC9499353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid growth of the global population has resulted in a considerable increase in the demand for food crops. However, traditional crop breeding methods will not be able to satisfy the worldwide demand for food in the future. New gene-editing technologies, the most widely used of which is CRISPR/Cas9, may enable the rapid improvement of crop traits. Specifically, CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing technology involves the use of a guide RNA and a Cas9 protein that can cleave the genome at specific loci. Due to its simplicity and efficiency, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has rapidly become the most widely used tool for editing animal and plant genomes. It is ideal for modifying the traits of many plants, including food crops, and for creating new germplasm materials. In this review, the development of the CRISPR/Cas9 system, the underlying mechanism, and examples of its use for editing genes in important crops are discussed. Furthermore, certain limitations of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and potential solutions are described. This article will provide researchers with important information regarding the use of CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology for crop improvement, plant breeding, and gene functional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Wendan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yushu Li
- Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Yuhong Chai
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Haixia Chen
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Haochen Nie
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Conglin Huang
- Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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