1
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Francis F, Wuest M, Woodfield JD, Wuest F. Palladium-Mediated S-Arylation of Cysteine Residues with 4-[ 18F]Fluoroiodobenzene ([ 18F]FIB). Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:232-244. [PMID: 38215469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Transition-metal-mediated bioconjugation chemistry has been used extensively to design and synthesize molecular probes to visualize, characterize, and quantify biological processes within intact living organisms at the cellular and subcellular levels. We demonstrate the development and validation of chemoselective [18F]fluoro-arylation chemistry of cysteine residues using Pd-mediated S-arylation chemistry with 4-[18F]fluoroiodobenzene ([18F]FIB) as an aryl electrophile. The novel bioconjugation technique proceeded in excellent radiochemical yields of 73-96% within 15 min under ambient and aqueous reaction mixture conditions, representing a versatile novel tool for decorating peptides and peptidomimetics with short-lived positron emitter 18F. The chemoselective S-arylation of several peptides and peptidomimetics containing multiple reactive functional groups confirmed the versatility and functional group compatibility. The synthesis and radiolabeling of a novel prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) binding radioligand [18F]6 was accomplished using the novel labeling protocol. The validation of radioligand [18F]6 in a preclinical prostate cancer model with PET resulted in favorable accumulation and retention in PSMA-expressing LNCaP tumors. At the same time, a significantly lower salivary gland uptake was observed compared to clinical PSMA radioligand [18F]PSMA-1007. This finding coincides with ongoing discussions about the molecular basis of the off-target accumulation of PSMA radioligands currently used for clinical imaging and therapy of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Melinda Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2 × 4, Canada
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, 2-132 Li Ka Shing, Edmonton AB, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Jenilee D Woodfield
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2 × 4, Canada
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2 × 4, Canada
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, 2-132 Li Ka Shing, Edmonton AB, T6G 2E1 Canada
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2
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Halder R, Ma G, Rickmeier J, McDaniel JW, Petzold R, Neumann CN, Murphy JM, Ritter T. Deoxyfluorination of phenols for chemoselective 18F-labeling of peptides. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:3614-3651. [PMID: 37853158 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The challenge of forming C-18F bonds is often a bottleneck in the development of new 18F-labeled tracer molecules for noninvasive functional imaging studies using positron emission tomography (PET). Nucleophilic aromatic substitution is the most widely employed reaction to functionalize aromatic substrates with the radioactive fluorine-18 but its scope is restricted to arenes containing electron-withdrawing substituents. Furthermore, many protic functional groups are incompatible with basic fluoride anions. Peptide substrates, which are highly desirable targets for PET molecular imaging, are particularly challenging to label with fluorine-18 because they are densely functionalized and sensitive to high temperatures and basic conditions. To expand the utility of nucleophilic aromatic substitution with fluorine-18, we describe two complementary procedures for the radiodeoxyfluorination of bench-stable and easy-to-access phenols that ensure rapid access to densely functionalized electron-rich and electron-poor 18F-aryl fluorides. The first procedure details the synthesis of an 18F-synthon and its subsequent ligation to the cysteine residue of Arg-Gly-Asp-Cys in 10.5 h from commercially available starting materials (189-min radiosynthesis). The second procedure describes the incorporation of commercially available CpRu(Fmoc-tyrosine)OTf into a fully protected peptide Lys-Met-Glu-(CpRu-Tyr)-Leu via solid-phase peptide synthesis and subsequent ruthenium-mediated uronium deoxyfluorination with fluorine-18 followed by deprotection, accomplished within 7 d (116-min radiosynthesis). Both radiolabeling methods are highly chemoselective and have conveniently been automated using commercially available radiosynthesis equipment so that the procedures described can be employed for the synthesis of peptide-based PET probes for in vivo imaging studies according to as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Halder
- Department of Organic Synthesis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gaoyuan Ma
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Strateos Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jens Rickmeier
- Department of Organic Synthesis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - James W McDaniel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roland Petzold
- Department of Organic Synthesis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Constanze N Neumann
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Jennifer M Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Department of Organic Synthesis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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3
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Gröner B, Willmann M, Donnerstag L, Urusova EA, Neumaier F, Humpert S, Endepols H, Neumaier B, Zlatopolskiy BD. 7-[ 18F]Fluoro-8-azaisatoic Anhydrides: Versatile Prosthetic Groups for the Preparation of PET Tracers. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12629-12644. [PMID: 37625106 PMCID: PMC10510393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
18F-Fluorination of sensitive molecules is often challenging, but can be accomplished under suitably mild conditions using radiofluorinated prosthetic groups (PGs). Herein, 1-alkylamino-7-[18F]fluoro-8-azaisatoic anhydrides ([18F]AFAs) are introduced as versatile 18F-labeled building blocks that can be used as amine-reactive or "click chemistry" PGs. [18F]AFAs were efficiently prepared within 15 min by "on cartridge" radiolabeling of readily accessible trimethylammonium precursors. Conjugation with a range of amines afforded the corresponding 2-alkylamino-6-[18F]fluoronicotinamides in radiochemical conversions (RCCs) of 15-98%. In addition, radiolabeling of alkyne- or azide-functionalized precursors with azidopropyl- or propargyl-substituted [18F]AFAs using Cu-catalyzed click cycloaddition afforded the corresponding conjugates in RCCs of 44-88%. The practical utility of the PGs was confirmed by the preparation of three 18F-labeled PSMA ligands in radiochemical yields of 28-42%. Biological evaluation in rats demonstrated excellent in vivo stability of all three conjugates. In addition, one conjugate ([18F]JK-PSMA-15) showed favorable imaging properties for high-contrast visualization of small PSMA-positive lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Gröner
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear
Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Faculty
of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University
of Cologne, Kerpener
Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Willmann
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear
Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Lisa Donnerstag
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear
Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Faculty
of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University
of Cologne, Kerpener
Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Elizaveta A. Urusova
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear
Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Faculty
of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University
of Cologne, Kerpener
Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix Neumaier
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear
Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Faculty
of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University
of Cologne, Kerpener
Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Swen Humpert
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear
Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Heike Endepols
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear
Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Faculty
of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University
of Cologne, Kerpener
Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Faculty
of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear
Medicine, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear
Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Faculty
of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University
of Cologne, Kerpener
Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Max
Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Straße 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Boris D. Zlatopolskiy
- Forschungszentrum
Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear
Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Faculty
of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, University
of Cologne, Kerpener
Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Max
Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Straße 50, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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4
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Humpert S, Hoffmann C, Neumaier F, Zlatopolskiy BD, Neumaier B. Validation of analytical HPLC with post-column injection as a method for rapid and precise quantification of radiochemical yields. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1228:123847. [PMID: 37634390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Accurate assessment of isolated radiochemical yields (RCYs) is a prerequisite for efficient and reliable optimization of labeling reactions. In practice, radiochemical conversions (RCCs) determined by HPLC analysis of crude reaction mixtures are often used to estimate RCYs. However, incomplete recovery of radioactivity from the stationary phase can lead to significant inaccuracies if RCCs are calculated based on the activity eluted from the column (i.e. the summed integrals of all peaks). Here, we validate a simple and practical method that overcomes problems associated with retention of activity on the column by determination of the total activity in the sample using post-column injection. Post-column injections were carried out using an additional injection valve, which was placed between the outlet of the HPLC column and the inlet of the detectors. 2-[18F]Fluoropyridine ([18F]FPy) and 8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-1-propylxanthine ([18F]CPFPX) were prepared with radiochemical purities of > 99.8% and mixed with [18F]fluoride at a ratio of 1:1 to simulate reaction mixtures obtained by radiolabeling reactions with an RCC of 50%. The samples were analyzed on three different C18 HPLC columns using neutral and acidic mobile phases. RCCs determined using the summed area of all peaks in the chromatograms were compared with those determined using post-column injection. Additionally, RCCs determined by post-column injection were corrected for activity losses before, during and after radiosyntheses to afford analytical RCYs, which were compared with isolated RCYs. Determination of RCCs based on the summed area of all peaks gave correct results under certain chromatographic conditions, but led to overestimation of the actual RCCs by up to 50% in other cases. In contrast, determination of RCCs using post-column injection provided precise results in all cases, and often significantly reduced analysis time. Moreover, analytical RCYs calculated from RCCs determined by post-column injection showed excellent agreement with isolated RCYs (<3% deviation). In conclusion, HPLC analysis using post-column injection enables reliable determination of RCCs independent of the chromatographic conditions and, together with a simple activity balance, rapid and accurate prediction of isolated RCYs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swen Humpert
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Chris Hoffmann
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany; Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix Neumaier
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany; Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Boris D Zlatopolskiy
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany; Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany; Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
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5
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Willuweit A, Humpert S, Schöneck M, Endepols H, Burda N, Gremer L, Gering I, Kutzsche J, Shah NJ, Langen KJ, Neumaier B, Willbold D, Drzezga A. Evaluation of the 18F-labeled analog of the therapeutic all-D-enantiomeric peptide RD2 for amyloid β imaging. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 184:106421. [PMID: 36889654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with radiotracers that bind to fibrillary amyloid β (Aβ) deposits is an important tool for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and for the recruitment of patients into clinical trials. However, it has been suggested that rather than the fibrillary Aβ deposits, it is smaller, soluble Aβ aggregates that exert a neurotoxic effect and trigger AD pathogenesis. The aim of the current study is to develop a PET probe that is capable of detecting small aggregates and soluble Aβ oligomers for improved diagnosis and therapy monitoring. An 18F-labeled radioligand was prepared based on the Aβ-binding d-enantiomeric peptide RD2, which is currently being evaluated in clinical trials as a therapeutic agent to dissolve Aβ oligomers. 18F-labeling was carried out using palladium-catalyzed S-arylation of RD2 with 2-[18F]fluoro-5-iodopyridine ([18F]FIPy). Specific binding of [18F]RD2-cFPy to brain material from transgenic AD (APP/PS1) mice and AD patients was demonstrated with in vitro autoradiography. In vivo uptake and biodistribution of [18F]RD2-cFPy were evaluated using PET analyses in wild-type and transgenic APP/PS1 mice. Although brain penetration and brain wash-out kinetics of the radioligand were low, this study provides proof of principle for a PET probe based on a d-enantiomeric peptide binding to soluble Aβ species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Willuweit
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-4 (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany.
| | - Swen Humpert
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-4 (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Michael Schöneck
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-4 (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Heike Endepols
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-4 (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany; Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Nicole Burda
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-4 (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Lothar Gremer
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany; Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Ian Gering
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Janine Kutzsche
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - N Jon Shah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-4 (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany; JARA - Brain - Translational Medicine, Aachen 52074, Germany; Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-4 (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-4 (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany; Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany; Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine-4 (INM-2, INM-4, INM-5, INM-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany
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6
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McDaniel JW, Stauber JM, Doud EA, Spokoyny AM, Murphy JM. An Organometallic Gold(III) Reagent for 18F Labeling of Unprotected Peptides and Sugars in Aqueous Media. Org Lett 2022; 24:5132-5136. [PMID: 35802398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The 18F labeling of unprotected peptides and sugars with a Au(III)-[18F]fluoroaryl complex is reported. The chemoselective method generates 18F-labeled S-aryl bioconjugates in an aqueous environment in 15 min with high radiochemical yields and displays excellent functional group tolerance. This approach utilizes an air and moisture stable, robust organometallic Au(III) complex and highlights the versatility of designer organometallic reagents as efficient agents for rapid radiolabeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W McDaniel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Julia M Stauber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Evan A Doud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Alexander M Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jennifer M Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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7
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Liu Z, Sun Y, Liu T. Recent Advances in Synthetic Methodologies to Form C-18F Bonds. Front Chem 2022; 10:883866. [PMID: 35494631 PMCID: PMC9047704 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.883866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is an important technique for the early diagnosis of disease. Due to the specific physical and chemical properties of Fluorine-18, this important isotope is widely used in PET for labelling and molecular imaging, and its introduction into medicine molecules could produce PET tracers. Developing with the development of organic synthetic methodologies, the introduction of Fluorine-18 into drug molecules efficiently and rapidly under mild conditions, and the formation of C-18F chemical bonds, has become one of the leading topics in both organic synthetic chemistry and radiochemistry. In this mini-review, we review a series of recent advances in the organic synthesis of C-18F bonds (2015–2021), including non-catalytic radiofluorinations via good leaving functional groups, transition metal-catalyzed radiofluorinations, and photo- or electro-catalytic synthetic radiofluorinations. As a result of the remarkable advancements in this field, organic synthetic methods for forming C-18F bonds are expected to continue growing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yijun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Tianfei Liu,
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