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Zhang F, Yuan B, Guo X, Huang H. Sodium catalytic phenylpentazole cracking: a theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:18076-18088. [PMID: 38895812 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04105k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
This work presents an in-depth investigation into the cracking reaction mechanism of phenylpentazole (C6H5N5) under the catalytic influence of sodium metal, utilizing density functional theory. The geometries of the reactants, transition states, intermediates, and products are meticulously optimized employing the GGA/PW91/DNP level of theory. Also, a rigorous analysis is undertaken, encompassing various key factors including configuration parameters, Mulliken charges, densities of states, and reaction energies. Three distinct reaction pathways are comprehensively examined, shedding light on the intricate details and intricacies of each pathway. The results show that a remarkable outcome in which the activation energy of the C6H5N5 cracking reaction releases N2, facilitated by catalytic metal Na, reveals a strikingly reduced value of a mere 5.2 kcal mol-1 compared to the previously reported activation energies ranging from 20 to 30 kcal mol-1. Evidently, this significantly lowered barrier can be readily surpassed at typical room temperatures, exhibiting practical applicability. Notably, the alkali metal Na effectively serves as a catalyst, successfully diminishing the activation energy required for N2 production through the pyrolysis of pentazole compounds. This breakthrough discovery provides a theoretical basis for experimental research on the low-temperature cracking of pentazole compounds. It also offers valuable insights for the development and application of new high energy density materials, contributing to the creation of a green and low-carbon circular economic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulan Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Special Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling 408100, China.
| | - Binfang Yuan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Special Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling 408100, China.
| | - Xiaogang Guo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Special Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling 408100, China.
| | - Huisheng Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Special Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling 408100, China.
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Jiang T, Xia H, Zhang W, Liu T. Insight into the Stability of Pentazolyl Derivatives based on Covalent Bond. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400105. [PMID: 38721760 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Pentazole is regarded as a unique inorganic molecule that possess organic heterocyclic structure. Therefore, the research on pentazolyl derivatives represents a cutting-edge direction in both contemporary inorganic chemistry and heterocyclic chemistry. Moreover, their synthesis is regarded as the most significant research topic in the field of energetic materials due to the great potential of pentazolyl derivatives to breakthrough the energy bottleneck of CHNO-based energetic materials. However, synthesizing pentazolyl derivatives is challenging. To provide a theoretical support for the synthesis, we conducted theoretical studies on six single-ring pentazolyl derivatives with different functional groups. The results suggest that derivatization reduces the bond strength and weakens the aromaticity of the pentazolate ring. Further analysis showed that derivatization mainly affects the π aromaticity of the pentazolate ring, and ultimately causing poor stability of the pentazolyl derivatives. Among the six derivatives investigated in this study, fluoro pentazole (cyclo-N5-F) and hydroxyl pentazole (cyclo-N5-OH) possess good aromaticity, which is similar to the reported cyclo-N5-NCHN(CH3)2. Further calculations show that the kinetic stability of cyclo-N5-OH is higher than that of cyclo-N5-F. These results collectively indicate that cyclo-N5-OH is a promising candidate for synthesizing single-ring pentazolyl derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Jiang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 621900, Mianyang, China
| | - Honglei Xia
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 621900, Mianyang, China
| | - Wenquan Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 621900, Mianyang, China
| | - Tianlin Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 621900, Mianyang, China
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Cao Y, Liu Y, Zhang W. Pentazolate Anion: A Rare and Preferred Five-Membered Ligand for Constructing Pentasil-Zeolite Topology Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317355. [PMID: 38165698 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
As the fourth full-nitrogen structure, the pentazolate anion (cyclo-N5 - ) was highly coveted for decades. In 2017, the first air-stable non-metal pentazolate salt, (N5 )6 (H3 O)3 (NH4 )4 Cl, was obtained, representing a milestone in this field. As the latest member of the azole family, cyclo-N5 - is comprised of five nitrogen atoms. Although significant attention has been paid to the potential of cyclo-N5 - as an energetic material, its poor thermostability hinders any practical application. However, the unique ring structure and multiple coordination capability of cyclo-N5 - provide a platform for the fabrication of various structures, among which pentasil-zeolite topologies are the most intriguing. In addition, the introduction of structure-directing auxiliaries enables the self-assembly of diverse topological architectures, potentially imparting cyclo-N5 - with the potential to impact wide-ranging areas of coordination chemistry and topology. In this minireview, different pentasil-zeolite topologies based on metal-pentazolate frameworks are evaluated. To date, three zeolitic and zeolite-like topologies have been reported, namely the melanophlogite (MEP), chibaite (MTN), and unj topologies. The MEP topology consists of two nanocages, Na20 N60 and Na24 N60 , whereas the MTN topology contains Na20 N60 and Na28 N80 nanocages. Furthermore, the unj topology features multiple homochiral channels consisting of two helical chains. Various possible strategies for obtaining additional pentasil-zeolite topologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuteng Cao
- Institute of Chemical Materials (ICM), China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials (ICM), China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Wenquan Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials (ICM), China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, China
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Tian X, Ding YH. Free and Complexed Fluoropentazoles: Anomalous Ring Charge and Appreciable Kinetic Stability. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10567-10574. [PMID: 36343011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fluoronitrogens are strongly related to high-energy density materials. Fluoropentazole (cyclo-FN5) with hitherto the highest N/F ratio at ambient pressure belongs to the family of well-known and 119-year-old pentazoles. Due to the presence of the overwhelmingly electronegative F element, cyclo-FN5 is the only pentazole to date that contains a cationic N5 ring. However, also due to F's large electronegativity, the reported ring-destruction barrier of cyclo-FN5 is nearly the lowest (6.7 kcal/mol), which has made its synthesis and characterization quite difficult. Here, cyclo-FN5 was re-predicted to bear an almost doubled ring-destruction barrier (∼12-14 kcal/mol) at the CBS-QB3, G4, W1BD, CCSD(T)/CBS//CCSD/cc-pVTZ, and CCSD(T)/CBS//CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ levels. Promisingly, upon further complexation with Lewis acid(s), the ring-destruction barrier of cyclo-FN5 might reach 23 kcal/mol, which is comparable to that of the well-known and already synthesized arylpentazoles (∼20 kcal/mol), and the positive charge on the N5 ring can be increased to 0.66 |e|.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Key Lab of Advanced Energy Storage and Conversion, Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Leather Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
- School of Mathematics and Science, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Hong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Key Lab of Advanced Energy Storage and Conversion, Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Leather Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
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Use of tetraphenyl (hydroxyl) imidazole for colorimetric detection of iodide: Optical properties, computational characterizations, NBO, QTAIM, and NCI-RDG analyses. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
The utility of high energy density materials (HEDMs) comes from their thermodynamic properties which arise from specific structural features that contribute to energy storage. Studies of such structural features seek to increase our understanding of these energy storage mechanisms in order to further enhance their properties. High-nitrogen-containing HEDMs are of particular interest because they are less toxic than traditional HEDMs. Pentazole is the largest of the nitrogen rings which has been synthesized and considered for an HEDM; however, few experimental studies exist due to the difficulty involved in the synthesis, and most previous theoretical studies employed composite methods where lower level geometries were used with higher level methods. Here, the decomposition reaction of pentazole is studied. Geometries, fundamental frequencies, and energies for each of the stationary points of the decomposition pathway are computed using ab initio methods up to CCSDT(Q). Decomposition rates are calculated over a range of temperatures using canonical transition state theory in order to determine the kinetic stability of pentazole. Based on the present results, it would be difficult for pentazole to act as an HEDM, requiring temperatures close to 200 K to achieve a suitable level of stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry F Mull
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Justin M Turney
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Gary E Douberly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Bondarchuk SV. Structure enhancement of energetic materials: A theoretical study of the arylamines to arylpentazoles transformation. FIREPHYSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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