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Latchem EJ, Kress T, Klusener PAA, Kumar RV, Forse AC. Charge-Dependent Crossover in Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries Revealed Using Online NMR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:1515-1520. [PMID: 38299498 PMCID: PMC10860123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous organic redox-flow batteries (AORFBs) are promising candidates for low-cost grid-level energy storage. However, their wide-scale deployment is limited by crossover of redox-active material through the separator membrane, which causes capacity decay. Traditional membrane permeability measurements do not capture all contributions to crossover in working batteries, including migration and changes in ion size and charge. Here we present a new method for characterizing crossover in operating AORFBs using online 1H NMR spectroscopy. By the introduction of a separate pump to decouple NMR and battery flow rates, this method opens a route to quantitative time-resolved monitoring of redox-flow batteries under real operating conditions. In this proof-of-concept study of a 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone (2,6-DHAQ)/ferrocyanide model system, we observed a doubling of the 2,6-DHAQ crossover during battery charging, which we attribute to migration effects. This new membrane testing methodology will advance our understanding of crossover and accelerate the development of improved redox-flow batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J. Latchem
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd., Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Cambridge, Charles Babbage Rd., Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Thomas Kress
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd., Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Peter A. A. Klusener
- Shell
Global Solutions International B.V.,
Energy Transition Campus, Grasweg 31, Amsterdam 1031 HW, Netherlands
| | - R. Vasant Kumar
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Cambridge, Charles Babbage Rd., Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Alexander C. Forse
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd., Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
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2
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Jethwa R, Hey D, Kerber RN, Bond AD, Wright DS, Grey CP. Exploring the Landscape of Heterocyclic Quinones for Redox Flow Batteries. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2024; 7:414-426. [PMID: 38273966 PMCID: PMC10806605 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.3c02223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) rely on the development of cheap, highly soluble, and high-energy-density electrolytes. Several candidate quinones have already been investigated in the literature as two-electron anolytes or catholytes, benefiting from fast kinetics, high tunability, and low cost. Here, an investigation of nitrogen-rich fused heteroaromatic quinones was carried out to explore avenues for electrolyte development. These quinones were synthesized and screened by using electrochemical techniques. The most promising candidate, 4,8-dioxo-4,8-dihydrobenzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis([1,2,3]triazole)-1,5-diide (-0.68 V(SHE)), was tested in both an asymmetric and symmetric full-cell setup resulting in capacity fade rates of 0.35% per cycle and 0.0124% per cycle, respectively. In situ ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies were used to investigate the electrochemical stability of the charged species during operation. UV-Vis spectroscopy, supported by density functional theory (DFT) modeling, reaffirmed that the two-step charging mechanism observed during battery operation consisted of two, single-electron transfers. The radical concentration during battery operation and the degree of delocalization of the unpaired electron were quantified with NMR and EPR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominic Hey
- Yusuf Hamied Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | | | - Andrew D. Bond
- Yusuf Hamied Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Dominic S. Wright
- Yusuf Hamied Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Yusuf Hamied Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
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Yang G, Zhu Y, Hao Z, Lu Y, Zhao Q, Zhang K, Chen J. Organic Electroactive Materials for Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301898. [PMID: 37158492 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic electroactive materials take advantage of potentially sustainable production and structural tunability compared to present commercial inorganic materials. Unfortunately, traditional redox flow batteries based on toxic redox-active metal ions have certain deficiencies in resource utilization and environmental protection. In comparison, organic electroactive materials in aqueous redox flow batteries (ARFBs) have received extensive attention in recent years for low-cost and sustainable energy storage systems due to their inherent safety. This review aims to provide the recent progress in organic electroactive materials for ARFBs. The main reaction types of organic electroactive materials are classified in ARFBs to provide an overview of how to regulate their solubility, potential, stability, and viscosity. Then, the organic anolyte and catholyte in ARFBs are summarized according to the types of quinones, viologens, nitroxide radicals, hydroquinones, etc, and how to increase the solubility by designing various functional groups is emphasized. The research advances are presented next in the characterization of organic electroactive materials for ARFBs. Future efforts are finally suggested to focus on building neutral ARFBs, designing advanced electroactive materials through molecular engineering, and resolving problems of commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojing Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yaxun Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhimeng Hao
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yong Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
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Wu B, Aspers RLEG, Kentgens APM, Zhao EW. Operando benchtop NMR reveals reaction intermediates and crossover in redox flow batteries. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 351:107448. [PMID: 37099853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) provide a promising battery technology for grid-scale energy storage. High-field operando NMR analyses of RFBs have yielded useful insight into their working mechanisms and helped improve battery performance. Nevertheless, the high cost and large footprint of a high-field NMR system limit its implementation by a wider electrochemistry community. Here, we demonstrate an operando NMR study of an anthraquinone/ferrocyanide-based RFB on a low-cost and compact 43 MHz benchtop system. The chemical shifts induced by bulk magnetic susceptibility effects differ remarkably from those obtained in high-field NMR experiments, due to the different orientations of the sample relative to the external magnetic field. We apply Evans method to estimate the concentrations of paramagnetic anthraquinone radical and ferricyanide anions. The degradation of 2,6-dihydroxy-anthraquinone (DHAQ) to 2,6-dihydroxy-anthrone and 2,6-dihydroxy-anthranol has been quantified. We further identified the impurities commonly present in the DHAQ solution to be acetone, methanol and formamide. The crossover of DHAQ and impurity molecules through the sseparation Nafion® membrane was captured and quantified, and a negative correlation between the molecular size and crossover rate was established. We show that a benchtop NMR system has sufficient spectral and temporal resolution and sensitivity for the operando study of RFBs, and anticipate a broad application of operando benchtop NMR methods for studying flow electrochemistry targeted for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wu
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud L E G Aspers
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Arno P M Kentgens
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Evan Wenbo Zhao
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Xia T, Yang Y, Song Q, Luo M, Xue M, Ostrikov KK, Zhao Y, Li F. In situ characterisation for nanoscale structure-performance studies in electrocatalysis. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 8:146-157. [PMID: 36512394 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00447j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, electrocatalytic reactions involving oxygen, nitrogen, water, and carbon dioxide have been developed to substitute conventional chemical processes, with the aim of producing clean energy, fuels and chemicals. A deepened understanding of catalyst structures, active sites and reaction mechanisms plays a critical role in improving the performance of these reactions. To this end, in situ/operando characterisations can be used to visualise the dynamic evolution of nanoscale materials and reaction intermediates under electrolysis conditions, thus enhancing our understanding of heterogeneous electrocatalytic reactions. In this review, we summarise the state-of-the-art in situ characterisation techniques used in electrocatalysis. We categorise them into three sections based on different working principles: microscopy, spectroscopy, and other characterisation techniques. The capacities and limits of the in situ characterisation techniques are discussed in each section to highlight the present-day horizons and guide further advances in the field, primarily aiming at the users of these techniques. Finally, we look at challenges and possible strategies for further development of in situ techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlai Xia
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Yang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Qiang Song
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Mingchuan Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mianqi Xue
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kostya Ken Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Yong Zhao
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- CSIRO Energy, Mayfield West, NSW 2304, Australia
| | - Fengwang Li
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Fontmorin JM, Guiheneuf S, Godet-Bar T, Floner D, Geneste F. How anthraquinones can enable aqueous organic redox flow batteries to meet the needs of industrialization. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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