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Matuszek K, Piper SL, Brzęczek-Szafran A, Roy B, Saher S, Pringle JM, MacFarlane DR. Unexpected Energy Applications of Ionic Liquids. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2313023. [PMID: 38411362 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids and their various analogues are without doubt the scientific sensation of the last few decades, paving the way to a more sustainable society. Their versatile suite of properties, originating from an almost inconceivably large number of possible cation and anion combinations, allows tuning of the structure to serve a desired purpose. Ionic liquids hence offer a myriad of useful applications from solvents to catalysts, through to lubricants, gas absorbers, and azeotrope breakers. The purpose of this review is to explore the more unexpected of these applications, particularly in the energy space. It guides the reader through the application of ionic liquids and their analogues as i) phase change materials for thermal energy storage, ii) organic ionic plastic crystals, which have been studied as battery electrolytes and in gas separation, iii) key components in the nitrogen reduction reaction for sustainable ammonia generation, iv) as electrolytes in aluminum-ion batteries, and v) in other emerging technologies. It is concluded that there is tremendous scope for further optimizing and tuning of the ionic liquid in its task, subject to sustainability imperatives in line with current global priorities, assisted by artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Matuszek
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Samantha L Piper
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Burwood Campus, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
| | - Alina Brzęczek-Szafran
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Bolesława Krzywoustego 4, Gliwice, 44-100, Poland
| | - Binayak Roy
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Saliha Saher
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Pringle
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Burwood Campus, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
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Park H, Park CB, Sung BJ. The effects of defects on the transport mechanisms of lithium ions in organic ionic plastic crystals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23058-23068. [PMID: 37602406 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02088f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic ionic plastic crystals (OIPCs) consist of molecular ions of which interactions are strong enough to maintain crystalline order but are weak enough to allow the rotations of the molecular ions at sufficiently high temperatures. When defects such as Schottky vacancies and grain boundaries are introduced into OIPCs, the defects facilitate the transport of dopants such as Li+ ions, for which OIPCs are considered as strong candidates for solid electrolytes. The transport mechanism of dopant ions in OIPCs with defects, however, remains elusive at a molecular level partly because it is hard in experiments to track the dopant ions and control the types of defects systematically. In this work, we perform molecular dynamics simulations for 1,3-dimethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([MMIM][PF6]) OIPCs with Li+ ions doped and show that the transport mechanism of Li+ ions depends on the types and concentrations of defects. A high concentration of Schottky vacancies enhance the overall ion conduction, but decrease the transference number. The transference numbers of Li+ ions in [MMIM][PF6] with grain boundaries are similar to that in [MMIM][PF6] with 0.78 mol% point vacancies. We also find that the transport of ions in OIPCs is strongly heterogeneous and the time scales of the dynamic heterogeneity of the ions are sensitive to the types of defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungshick Park
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chung Bin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bong June Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea.
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García Y, O’Dell LA. Understanding the interfacial region in organic ionic plastic crystal composite electrolyte materials by solid-state NMR. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hinz Y, Böhmer R. Deuteron magnetic resonance study of glyceline deep eutectic solvents: Selective detection of choline and glycerol dynamics. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:194506. [PMID: 35597634 DOI: 10.1063/5.0088290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyceline, a green solvent considered for various electrochemical applications, represents a multi-component glass former. Viewed from this perspective, the choline cation and the hydrogen bond donor glycerol, the two major constituents forming this deep eutectic solvent, were studied using nuclear magnetic resonance in a selective manner by means of suitably deuteron-labeled isotopologues. Carried out from far above to far below the glass transition temperature, measurements and analyses of the spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times reveal that the reorientational dynamics of the components, i.e., of glycerol as well as of chain deuterated choline chloride are slightly different. Possible implications of this finding regarding the hydrogen-bonding pattern in glyceline are discussed. Furthermore, the deuterated methyl groups in choline chloride are exploited as sensitive probes of glyceline's supercooled and glassy states. Apart from spin relaxometry, a detailed line shape analysis of the CD3 spectra yields valuable insights into the broad intermolecular and intramolecular energy barrier distributions present in this binary mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannik Hinz
- Experimental Physics III, Technical University Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roland Böhmer
- Experimental Physics III, Technical University Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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Garcia-Quintana L, Ortiz-Vitoriano N, Zhu H, Nolis GM, Herrero-Martín J, Echeverría M, López Del Amo JM, Forsyth M, Bond AM, Howlett PC, Pozo-Gonzalo C. Unveiling the Impact of the Cations and Anions in Ionic Liquid/Glyme Hybrid Electrolytes for Na-O 2 Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:4022-4034. [PMID: 35019264 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A series of hybrid electrolytes composed of diglyme and ionic liquids (ILs) have been investigated for Na-O2 batteries, as a strategy to control the growth and purity of the discharge products during battery operation. The dependence of chemical composition of the ILs on the size, purity, and distribution of the discharge products has been evaluated using a wide range of experimental and spectroscopic techniques. The morphology and composition of the discharge products found in the Na-O2 cells have a complex dependence on the physicochemical properties of the electrolyte as well as the speciation of the Na+ and superoxide radical anion. All of these factors control the nucleation and growth phenomena as well as electrolyte stability. Smaller discharge particle sizes and largely homogeneous (2.7 ± 0.5 μm) sodium superoxide (NaO2) crystals with only 9% of side products were found in the hybrid electrolyte containing the pyrrolidinium IL with a linear alkyl chain. The long-term cyclability of Na-O2 batteries with high Coulombic efficiency (>90%) was obtained for this electrolyte with fewer side products (20 cycles at 0.5 mA h cm-2). In contrast, rapid failure was observed with the use of the phosphonium-based electrolyte, which strongly stabilizes the superoxide anion. A high discharge capacity (4.46 mA h cm-2) was obtained for the hybrid electrolyte containing the pyrrolidinium-based IL bearing a linear alkyl chain with a slightly lower value (3.11 mA h cm-2) being obtained when the hybrid electrolyte contained similar pyrrolidinium-based IL bearing an alkoxy chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Garcia-Quintana
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3200, Australia
| | - Nagore Ortiz-Vitoriano
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Alava, Albert Einstein 48, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01510, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | - Haijin Zhu
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Gene M Nolis
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Alava, Albert Einstein 48, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01510, Spain
- ALBA Synchrotron, CELLS, Cerdanyola de Vallès 08290, Spain
| | | | - María Echeverría
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Alava, Albert Einstein 48, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01510, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel López Del Amo
- Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Alava, Albert Einstein 48, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01510, Spain
| | - Maria Forsyth
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3200, Australia
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | - Alan M Bond
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Patrick C Howlett
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3200, Australia
| | - Cristina Pozo-Gonzalo
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3200, Australia
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Ivanov MY, Surovtsev NV, Fedin MV. Ionic liquid glasses: properties and applications. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Merz S, Wang J, Galvosas P, Granwehr J. MAS-NMR of [Pyr 13][Tf 2N] and [Pyr 16][Tf 2N] Ionic Liquids Confined to Carbon Black: Insights and Pitfalls. Molecules 2021; 26:6690. [PMID: 34771100 PMCID: PMC8587276 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrolytes based on ionic liquids (IL) are promising candidates to replace traditional liquid electrolytes in electrochemical systems, particularly in combination with carbon-based porous electrodes. Insight into the dynamics of such systems is imperative for tailoring electrochemical performance. In this work, 1-Methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and 1-Hexyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide were studied in a carbon black (CB) host using spectrally resolved Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) and 13-interval Pulsed Field Gradient Stimulated Echo (PFGSTE) Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (MAS-NMR). Data were processed using a sensitivity weighted Laplace inversion algorithm without non-negativity constraint. Previously found relations between the alkyl length and the aggregation behavior of pyrrolidinium-based cations were confirmed and characterized in more detail. For the IL in CB, a different aggregation behavior was found compared to the neat IL, adding the surface of a porous electrode as an additional parameter for the optimization of IL-based electrolytes. Finally, the suitability of MAS was assessed and critically discussed for investigations of this class of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Merz
- Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany; (S.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Jie Wang
- MacDiamid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand;
| | - Petrik Galvosas
- MacDiamid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand;
| | - Josef Granwehr
- Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany; (S.M.); (J.G.)
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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Zhu H, Huang G, O'Dell LA, Forsyth M. New Insights into Decoupled Cation and Anion Transport and Dynamic Heterogeneity in a Diethyl(methyl)(isobutyl)phosphonium Hexafluorophosphate Organic Ionic Plastic Crystal. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9853-9858. [PMID: 34606277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic ionic plastic crystals (OIPCs) are an emerging family of materials with demonstrated applications in electrochemical devices such as lithium/sodium ion batteries, dye-sensitized solar cells, and hydrogen fuel cells. Herein, we present direct evidence of anion diffusion through a relatively static background of a cation lattice in an ionic plastic crystal compound, [P122i4][PF6], in an elevated temperature solid phase. We found all anions are diffusive, whereas only a small population of cations is diffusive. Two anion populations were identified with diffusion coefficients differing by 2 orders of magnitude. The slow-diffusing anion is attributed to the plastic crystal region where the cation forms a relative static background, allowing anions to diffuse possibly through a defect-assisted hopping mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijin Zhu
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Gongyue Huang
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Luke A O'Dell
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Maria Forsyth
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
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9
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Honegger P, Di Pietro ME, Castiglione F, Vaccarini C, Quant A, Steinhauser O, Schröder C, Mele A. The Intermolecular NOE Depends on Isotope Selection: Short Range vs Long Range Behavior. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:8658-8663. [PMID: 34472860 PMCID: PMC8436203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) is a powerful tool in molecular structure elucidation, combining the subtle chemical shift of NMR and three-dimensional information independent of chemical connectivity. Its usage for intermolecular studies, however, is fundamentally limited by an unspecific long-ranged interaction behavior. This joint experimental and computational work shows that proper selection of interacting isotopes can overcome these limitations: Isotopes with strongly differing gyromagnetic ratios give rise to short-ranged intermolecular NOEs. In this light, existing NOE experiments need to be re-evaluated and future ones can be designed accordingly. Thus, a new chapter on intermolecular structure elucidation is opened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Honegger
- Department
of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Computational Biological Chemistry, University
of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Enrica Di Pietro
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Franca Castiglione
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Vaccarini
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alea Quant
- Department
of Computational Biological Chemistry, University
of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Othmar Steinhauser
- Department
of Computational Biological Chemistry, University
of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Schröder
- Department
of Computational Biological Chemistry, University
of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Mele
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- CNR-SCITEC
Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
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