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Wu X, Smet E, Brandi F, Raikwar D, Zhang Z, Maes BUW, Sels BF. Advancements and Perspectives toward Lignin Valorization via O-Demethylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317257. [PMID: 38128012 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Lignin represents the largest aromatic carbon resource in plants, holding significant promise as a renewable feedstock for bioaromatics and other cyclic hydrocarbons in the context of the circular bioeconomy. However, the methoxy groups of aryl methyl ethers, abundantly found in technical lignins and lignin-derived chemicals, limit their pertinent chemical reactivity and broader applicability. Unlocking the phenolic hydroxyl functionality through O-demethylation (ODM) has emerged as a valuable approach to mitigate this need and enables further applications. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the progress in the valorization of technical lignin and lignin-derived chemicals via ODM, both catalytic and non-catalytic reactions. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the properties and potential applications of the O-demethylated products is presented, accompanied by a systematic overview of available ODM reactions. This review primarily focuses on enhancing the phenolic hydroxyl content in lignin-derived species through ODM, showcasing its potential in the catalytic funneling of lignin and value-added applications. A comprehensive synopsis and future outlook are included in the concluding section of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ewoud Smet
- Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Francesco Brandi
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deepak Raikwar
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zhenlei Zhang
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert U W Maes
- Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bert F Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Huo M, Chen J, Jin C, Huo S, Liu G, Kong Z. Preparation, characterization, and application of waterborne lignin-based epoxy resin as eco-friendly wood adhesive. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129327. [PMID: 38219939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
A series of novel waterborne lignin-based epoxy resin emulsions (WLEPs) were successfully synthesized, and then the WLEPs were cured with polyamide (PA) to give formaldehyde-free wood adhesives with high-performance. The chemical structures and properties of WLEP emulsions were determined. The effects of the emulsifiers on thermal and mechanical properties of the adhesives were investigated, and the potential application of WLEPs in the formulation of plywood were also evaluated. The results demonstrated that the WLEP dispersions presented excellent storage stability (>180 days) with their viscosities range from 110 mPa·s to 470 mPa·s and particle sizes in the range of 321-696 nm, which were beneficial for the fluidity and permeability of the wood adhesives. Furthermore, the thermal and mechanical properties of adhesives could be tuned effectively by controlling the length of PEG chains. The adhesive bearing PEG 6000 exhibited the highest tensile strength of 24.0 MPa and Young's modulus of 1439 MPa. Notably, the plywood prepared with the resulting adhesives displayed good bonding performance, especially water resistance, which were much higher than the national standard requirement for exterior-grade plywood type I. These results indicated that the WLEPs could be used as sustainable alternatives for traditional formaldehyde-based wood adhesives in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Huo
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Nanjing 210042, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Nanjing 210042, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Can Jin
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Nanjing 210042, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shuping Huo
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Nanjing 210042, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Guifeng Liu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Nanjing 210042, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Zhenwu Kong
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Nanjing 210042, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210037, China
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Wu Y, Su C, Liao Z, Zhang G, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Zhang C, Cai D, Qin P, Tan T. Sequential catalytic lignin valorization and bioethanol production: an integrated biorefinery strategy. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:8. [PMID: 38245804 PMCID: PMC10800047 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effective valorization of lignin and carbohydrates in lignocellulose matrix under the concept of biorefinery is a primary strategy to produce sustainable chemicals and fuels. Based on the reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF), lignin in lignocelluloses can be depolymerized into viscous oils, while the highly delignified pulps with high polysaccharides retention can be transformed into various chemicals. RESULTS A biorefinery paradigm for sequentially valorization of the main components in poplar sawdust was constructed. In this process, the well-defined low-molecular-weight phenols and bioethanol were co-generated by tandem chemo-catalysis in the RCF stage and bio-catalysis in fermentation stage. In the RCF stage, hydrogen transfer reactions were conducted in one-pot process using Raney Ni as catalyst, while the isopropanol (2-PrOH) in the initial liquor was served as a hydrogen donor and the solvent for lignin dissolution. Results indicated the proportion of the 2-PrOH in the initial liquor of RCF influenced the chemical constitution and yield of the lignin oil, which also affected the characteristics of the pulps and the following bioethanol production. A 67.48 ± 0.44% delignification with 20.65 ± 0.31% of monolignols yield were realized when the 2-PrOH:H2O ratio in initial liquor was 7:3 (6.67 wt% of the catalyst loading, 200 °C for 3 h). The RCF pulp had higher carbohydrates retention (57.96 ± 2.78 wt%), which was converted to 21.61 ± 0.62 g/L of bioethanol with a yield of 0.429 ± 0.010 g/g in fermentation using an engineered S. cerevisiae strain. Based on the mass balance analysis, 104.4 g of ethanol and 206.5 g of lignin oil can be produced from 1000 g of the raw poplar sawdust. CONCLUSIONS The main chemical components in poplar sawdust can be effectively transformed into lignin oil and bioethanol. The attractive results from the biorefinery process exhibit great promise for the production of valuable biofuels and chemicals from abundant lignocellulosic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilu Wu
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Su
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zicheng Liao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Gege Zhang
- School of International Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjie Jiang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yankun Wang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Changwei Zhang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Cai
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peiyong Qin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianwei Tan
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
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Jindal M, Uniyal P, Thallada B. Reductive catalytic fractionation as a novel pretreatment/lignin-first approach for lignocellulosic biomass valorization: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 385:129396. [PMID: 37369316 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Presently, the use of lignocellulosic biomass is mainly focused on creating pulp/paper, energy, sugars and bioethanol from the holocellulose component, leaving behind lignin to be discarded or burned as waste despite of its highest aromatic carbon and energy content (22-29 KJ/g). During the pulping process, lignin undergoes significant structural changes to yield technical lignin. For a circular bioeconomy, there is an urgent need to enhance the use of native lignin for generating more valuable products. Over the last few years, a new method called 'lignin-first', or 'reductive catalytic fractionation' (RCF), has been devised to achieve selective phenolic monomers under mild reaction conditions. This involves deconstructing lignin before capitalizing on carbohydrates. The objective of this study is to record the recent developments of the 'lignin-first' process. This review also underlines the contribution of RCF biorefinery towards achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) and concludes with an overview of challenges and upcoming opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Jindal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; Material Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun-248005, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Priyanka Uniyal
- Material Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun-248005, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bhaksar Thallada
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; Material Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun-248005, Uttarakhand, India.
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5
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Wang H, Giardino GJ, Chen R, Yang C, Niu J, Wang D. Photocatalytic Depolymerization of Native Lignin toward Chemically Recyclable Polymer Networks. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:48-55. [PMID: 36712484 PMCID: PMC9881207 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an inedible component of biomass, lignin features rich functional groups that are desired for chemical syntheses. How to effectively depolymerize lignin without compromising the more valuable cellulose and hemicellulose has been a significant challenge. Existing biomass processing procedures either induce extensive condensation in lignin that greatly hinders its chemical utilization or focus on fully depolymerizing lignin to produce monomers that are difficult to separate for subsequent chemical synthesis. Here, we report a new approach to selective partial depolymerization, which produces oligomers that can be readily converted to chemically recyclable polymer networks. The process takes advantage of the high selectivity of photocatalytic activation of the β-O-4 bond in lignin by tetrabutylammonium decatungstate (TBADT). The availability of exogenous electron mediators or scavengers promotes cleavage or oxidation of this bond, respectively, enabling high degrees of control over the depolymerization and the density of a key functional group, C=O, in the products. The resulting oligomers can then be readily utilized for the synthesis of polymer networks through reactions between C=O and branched -NH2 as a dynamic covalent cross-linker. Importantly, the resulting polymer network can be recycled to enable a circular economy of materials directly derived from biomass.
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6
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Zhang Y, Li J, Wu X, Wang D, Zhou S, Han S, Wang H, Sun F. Simultaneously reinforcing and toughening of shape-memory epoxy resin with carboxylated lignosulfonate: Facile preparation and effect mechanism. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:243-254. [PMID: 35835301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To improve the compatibility and reactivity of lignosulfonate (LS) with epoxy oligomers, the LS was firstly functionalized with anhydride via the carboxylation reaction. The carboxylated lignosulfonate (CLS) reinforced epoxy resin with excellent mechanical and shape memory performance was prepared facilely via distributing the CLS into the combined epoxy monomers of DGEBA and PEGDGE with the aid of water, rather than using the normal organic solvents. The incorporated CLS promoted the curing reaction of epoxy resin. A typical sea-island structure was formed in the cured sample at the CLS content of 5 phr, exhibiting the highest increases in tensile strength, modulus, elongation at break and toughness by 23.8 %, 18.2 %, 217 % and 113 %, respectively, relative to neat epoxy. Interestingly, the incorporation of CLS at a proper amount led to the simultaneous strengthening and toughing effects on cured epoxy resin, which could be attributed to the rigid structure of CLS covalently introduced in the epoxy resin network and the heterogeneous structure formed in the epoxy matrix. The rigid CLS component also restrained the movement of chain segments, consequently, the mechanical stability was enhanced and the fast shape recovery rate of epoxy resin network was slowed down to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Jiaoman Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xinxing Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Dongyue Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Shengnan Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Shuaibo Han
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Fangli Sun
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
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7
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Lin L. Bottom-up synthetic ecology study of microbial consortia to enhance lignocellulose bioconversion. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:14. [PMID: 35418100 PMCID: PMC8822760 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulose is the most abundant organic carbon polymer on the earth. Its decomposition and conversion greatly impact the global carbon cycle. Furthermore, it provides feedstock for sustainable fuel and other value-added products. However, it continues to be underutilized, due to its highly recalcitrant and heterogeneric structure. Microorganisms, which have evolved versatile pathways to convert lignocellulose, undoubtedly are at the heart of lignocellulose conversion. Numerous studies that have reported successful metabolic engineering of individual strains to improve biological lignin valorization. Meanwhile, the bottleneck of single strain modification is becoming increasingly urgent in the conversion of complex substrates. Alternatively, increased attention has been paid to microbial consortia, as they show advantages over pure cultures, e.g., high efficiency and robustness. Here, we first review recent developments in microbial communities for lignocellulose bioconversion. Furthermore, the emerging area of synthetic ecology, which is an integration of synthetic biology, ecology, and computational biology, provides an opportunity for the bottom-up construction of microbial consortia. Then, we review different modes of microbial interaction and their molecular mechanisms, and discuss considerations of how to employ these interactions to construct synthetic consortia via synthetic ecology, as well as highlight emerging trends in engineering microbial communities for lignocellulose bioconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lin
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.
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8
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O’Dea RM, Pranda PA, Luo Y, Amitrano A, Ebikade EO, Gottlieb ER, Ajao O, Benali M, Vlachos DG, Ierapetritou M, Epps TH. Ambient-pressure lignin valorization to high-performance polymers by intensified reductive catalytic deconstruction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj7523. [PMID: 35044829 PMCID: PMC8769544 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj7523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemocatalytic lignin valorization strategies are critical for a sustainable bioeconomy, as lignin, especially technical lignin, is one of the most available and underutilized aromatic feedstocks. Here, we provide the first report of an intensified reactive distillation–reductive catalytic deconstruction (RD-RCD) process to concurrently deconstruct technical lignins from diverse sources and purify the aromatic products at ambient pressure. We demonstrate the utility of RD-RCD bio-oils in high-performance additive manufacturing via stereolithography 3D printing and highlight its economic advantages over a conventional reductive catalytic fractionation/RCD process. As an example, our RD-RCD reduces the cost of producing a biobased pressure-sensitive adhesive from softwood Kraft lignin by up to 60% in comparison to the high-pressure RCD approach. Last, a facile screening method was developed to predict deconstruction yields using easy-to-obtain thermal decomposition data. This work presents an integrated lignin valorization approach for upgrading existing lignin streams toward the realization of economically viable biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. O’Dea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Paula A. Pranda
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Yuqing Luo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Alice Amitrano
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Elvis O. Ebikade
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Eric R. Gottlieb
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Olumoye Ajao
- Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY, P.O. Box 4800, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S6, Canada
| | - Marzouk Benali
- Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY, P.O. Box 4800, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S6, Canada
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Marianthi Ierapetritou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, 221 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Center for Research in Soft matter and Polymers (CRiSP), University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Zhong L, Hao Y, Zhang J, Wei F, Li T, Miao M, Zhang D. Closed-Loop Recyclable Fully Bio-Based Epoxy Vitrimers from Ferulic Acid-Derived Hyperbranched Epoxy Resin. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liuyue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yanxin Hao
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Junheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tingcheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Menghe Miao
- CSIRO Manufacturing, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Daohong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
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10
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Synergistic effect of lignin and ethylene glycol crosslinked epoxy resin on enhancing thermal, mechanical and shape memory performance. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:516-524. [PMID: 34653437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lignosulfonate (LS) was successfully introduced into the epoxy resin matrix with the aid of ethylene glycol (EG) dissolution. Both the rigid LS and soft EG segments were linked into the cross-linked network structure of epoxy resin via esterification of hydroxyl groups in LS and EG molecules with anhydride. The ultimate properties of cured samples were adjusted effectively by changing the proportion of LS and EG components. Curing reaction and kinetics were analyzed, by which the optimal curing process parameters were determined. Although thermal stability of LS itself was relatively lower than that of neat epoxy, the thermal performance was significantly enhanced for the modified sample of epoxy/LS0.5-EG0.5. At the same time, the flexural strength, flexural modulus and impact strength were found to be increased by 23.1, 35.7 and 15.1% respectively compared with the neat epoxy. In addition, the excellent shape memory behavior and improved mechanical stability with LS addition were exhibited by the cured LS-EG modified specimens. This work reveals that lignin can be used as an efficient functional additive to regulate thermal, mechanical and shape memory properties of epoxy resin.
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11
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Bartling AW, Stone ML, Hanes RJ, Bhatt A, Zhang Y, Biddy MJ, Davis R, Kruger JS, Thornburg NE, Luterbacher JS, Rinaldi R, Samec JSM, Sels BF, Román-Leshkov Y, Beckham GT. Techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment of a biorefinery utilizing reductive catalytic fractionation. ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2021; 14:4147-4168. [PMID: 36324336 PMCID: PMC9562980 DOI: 10.1039/d1ee01642c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) is a promising approach to fractionate lignocellulose and convert lignin to a narrow product slate. To guide research towards commercialization, cost and sustainability must be considered. Here we report a techno-economic analysis (TEA), life cycle assessment (LCA), and air emission analysis of the RCF process, wherein biomass carbohydrates are converted to ethanol and the RCF oil is the lignin-derived product. The base-case process, using a feedstock supply of 2000 dry metric tons per day, methanol as a solvent, and H2 gas as a hydrogen source, predicts a minimum selling price (MSP) of crude RCF oil of $1.13 per kg when ethanol is sold at $2.50 per gallon of gasoline-equivalent ($0.66 per liter of gasoline-equivalent). We estimate that the RCF process accounts for 57% of biorefinery installed capital costs, 77% of positive life cycle global warming potential (GWP) (excluding carbon uptake), and 43% of positive cumulative energy demand (CED). Of $563.7 MM total installed capital costs, the RCF area accounts for $323.5 MM, driven by high-pressure reactors. Solvent recycle and water removal via distillation incur a process heat demand equivalent to 73% of the biomass energy content, and accounts for 35% of total operating costs. In contrast, H2 cost and catalyst recycle are relatively minor contributors to operating costs and environmental impacts. In the carbohydrate-rich pulps, polysaccharide retention is predicted not to substantially affect the RCF oil MSP. Analysis of cases using different solvents and hemicellulose as an in situ hydrogen donor reveals that reducing reactor pressure and the use of low vapor pressure solvents could reduce both capital costs and environmental impacts. Processes that reduce the energy demand for solvent separation also improve GWP, CED, and air emissions. Additionally, despite requiring natural gas imports, converting lignin as a biorefinery co-product could significantly reduce non-greenhouse gas air emissions compared to burning lignin. Overall, this study suggests that research should prioritize ways to lower RCF operating pressure to reduce capital expenses associated with high-pressure reactors, minimize solvent loading to reduce reactor size and energy required for solvent recovery, implement condensed-phase separations for solvent recovery, and utilize the entirety of RCF oil to maximize value-added product revenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Bartling
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-Up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation Oak Ridge TN 37830 USA
| | - Michael L Stone
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Rebecca J Hanes
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation Oak Ridge TN 37830 USA
- Strategic Energy Analysis Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Arpit Bhatt
- Strategic Energy Analysis Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Strategic Energy Analysis Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Mary J Biddy
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-Up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation Oak Ridge TN 37830 USA
| | - Ryan Davis
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-Up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Jacob S Kruger
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Nicholas E Thornburg
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-Up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Jeremy S Luterbacher
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic Processing, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Roberto Rinaldi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Joseph S M Samec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Bert F Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Yuriy Román-Leshkov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Gregg T Beckham
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-Up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
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