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Burguera S, Bauzá A, Frontera A. A novel approach for estimating the strength of argentophilic and aurophilic interactions using QTAIM parameters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:16550-16560. [PMID: 38829286 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00410h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Metallophilic interactions, specifically argentophilic (Ag⋯Ag) and aurophilic (Au⋯Au) interactions, play a crucial role in stabilizing various molecular and solid-state structures. In this manuscript, we present a convenient method to estimate the strength of argentophilic and aurophilic interactions based on quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) parameters evaluated at the bond critical points connecting the metal centres. We employ density functional theory (DFT) calculations and the QTAIM parameters to develop this energy predictor. To validate the reliability and applicability of our method, we test it using a selection of X-ray crystal structures extracted from the cambridge structural database (CSD), where argentophilic and aurophilic interactions are known to be significant in their solid-state arrangements. This method offers a distinct advantage in systems where multiple interactions, beyond metallophilic interactions, contribute to the overall stability of the structure. By employing our approach, researchers can distinctly quantify the strength of argentophilic and aurophilic interactions, facilitating a deeper understanding of their impact on molecular and solid-state properties. This method fills a critical gap in the existing literature, offering a valuable tool to researchers seeking to unravel the intricate interactions in metal-containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Burguera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (Baleares), Spain.
| | - Antonio Bauzá
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (Baleares), Spain.
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (Baleares), Spain.
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Khera M, Anchal, Goel N. Ligand and Substituent Effect on Regium-π Bonding in Cu and Ag π-Conjugated Complexes: A Density Functional Study. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:6953-6961. [PMID: 37558247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory investigation of regium (Rg)-π bonding using the RgL-X model system, where Rg = Cu and Ag; L = CN, NO2, and OH; X = π-conjugated system (benzene, cyanobenzene, benzoic acid, pyridine, 2-methoxy aniline, 1,4-dimethoxy benzene, and cyclophane), has been performed. Conclusive evidence of the Rg-π bond has been provided by analysis of molecular electrostatic potential surfaces, Rg-π bond length, interaction energy (ΔE), second-order perturbation energy (E2), charge transfer (Δq), quantum theory of atom in molecules, and noncovalent interaction plots for 42 structural arrangements with varying ligands and the substituted aromatic ring. The Rg-π bond length in the optimized model systems varies from 2.03 to 2.12 Å in Cu complexes (1-21) and from 2.26 to 2.38 Å in Ag complexes (22-42) at the PBE0-D3 functional. While the ligand (L) attached to the Rg metal has a bargaining effect on the strength of the Rg-π bond (in the order of -OH > -CN = -NO2), the π-conjugated systems have a diminutive effect. Two X-ray crystal structures (CUCSOI and AHIDQU) having the Rg-π bond, accessed from Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC), are discussed here to signify the influence of Rg-π bonding on the crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Khera
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Anchal
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Neetu Goel
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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de Las Nieves Piña M, Mooibroek TJ, Frontera A, Bauzá A. Importance of Cu and Ag regium-π bonds in supramolecular chemistry and biology: a combined crystallographic and ab initio study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:24983-24991. [PMID: 36214369 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03874a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Identifying and characterizing new binding events between electron donor and acceptor counterparts represents a crucial step to complete the molecular recognition and aggregation picture, which is key to chemistry and biology. In this study we interrogated both the PDB (Protein Data Bank) and CSD (Cambridge Structural Database) for the presence of Cu and Ag regium-π (Rg-π) bonds (an attractive noncovalent force between elements from group 11 and π-systems). Concretely, we found evidence of the plausible biological role of the interaction in protein-DNA systems, bacterial Ag extrusion processes and Heme group redox functionality. Furthermore, we also highlighted the implications of Rg-π bonds in the crystal packing of two host-guest systems, where this interaction is key for the binding and recognition of small organic molecules as well as for the encapsulation of organometallic complexes. Theoretical models were used to analyse the strength of the interaction (RI-MP2/def2-TZVP level of theory) together with QTAIM (Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules), NBO (Natural Bonding Orbital) and NCIplot (Non Covalent Interactions plot) analyses, which further assisted in the characterization of the regium-π interactions described herein. We expect the results from this study will be useful to attract the attention of chemical biologists as well as to expand the potential of the interaction to the supramolecular chemistry and crystal engineering communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Las Nieves Piña
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (Baleares), Spain.
| | - Tiddo J Mooibroek
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park A, 904, E1.26, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (Baleares), Spain.
| | - Antonio Bauzá
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (Baleares), Spain.
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The Role of Hydrogen Bonds in Interactions between [PdCl 4] 2- Dianions in Crystal. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072144. [PMID: 35408543 PMCID: PMC9000617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
[PdCl4]2- dianions are oriented within a crystal in such a way that a Cl of one unit approaches the Pd of another from directly above. Quantum calculations find this interaction to be highly repulsive with a large positive interaction energy. The placement of neutral ligands in their vicinity reduces the repulsion, but the interaction remains highly endothermic. When the ligands acquire a unit positive charge, the electrostatic component and the full interaction energy become quite negative, signalling an exothermic association. Raising the charge on these counterions to +2 has little further stabilizing effect, and in fact reduces the electrostatic attraction. The ability of the counterions to promote the interaction is attributed in part to the H-bonds which they form with both dianions, acting as a sort of glue.
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Piña MDLN, Burguera S, Buils J, Crespí MÀ, Morales JE, Pons J, Bauzá A, Frontera A. Substituent effects in π-hole regium bonding interactions between Au(p-X-Py)2 complexes and Lewis bases: an ab initio study. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200010. [PMID: 35191571 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, long range substituent effects in regium bonding interactions involving Au(I) linear complexes are investigated. The Au(I) atom is coordinated to two para -substituted pyridine ligands. The interaction energy (RI-MP2/def2-TZVP level of theory) of the π-hole regium bonding assemblies is affected by the pyridine substitution. The Hammett's plot representations for several sets of Lewis bases have been carried out and, in all cases, good regression plots have been obtained (interaction energies vs. Hammett's σ parameter). The Bader's theory of "atoms-in-molecules" has been used to evidence that the electron density computed at the bond critical point that connects the Au-atom to the electron donor can be used as a measure of bond order in regium bonding. Several X-ray structures retrieved from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) provide some experimental support to the existence of regium π-hole bonding in [Au(Py) 2 ] + derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jordi Buils
- Universitat de les Illes Balears, Chemistry, SPAIN
| | | | | | - Jordi Pons
- Universitat de les Illes Balears, Chemistry, SPAIN
| | | | - Antonio Frontera
- Universitat Illes Balears, Chemistry, Crta de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, SPAIN
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Diana E, Priola E, Marabello D, Giordana A, Andreo J, Freire PTC, Benzi P, Operti L, Andreo L, Curetti N, Benna P. Crystal engineering of aurophilic supramolecular architectures and coordination polymers based on butterfly-like Copper-dicyanoaurate complexes: vapochromism, P-T behaviour and multi-metallic cocrystal formation. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00964h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using the equilibrium properties of CuII in the presence of the chelating ligand and the characteristics of the dicyanoaurate anion, we were able to obtain a family of 10 bimetallic...
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Priola E, Giordana A, Mazzeo PP, Mahmoudi G, Gomila RM, Zubkov FI, Pokazeev KM, Valchuk KS, Bacchi A, Zangrando E, Frontera A. On the nature of recurrent Au⋯π motifs in tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M(II) (M = Fe, Co and Ni) dicyanoaurate(I) salts: X-ray analysis and theoretical rationalization. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16954-16960. [PMID: 34617941 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02632a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript reports the synthesis, X-ray characterization and DFT study of three new [M(bipy)3]2[Au(CN)2]3(X) (M = Fe, Co, and Ni; bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine; X = anion) ionic compounds. These salts are composed of [M(bipy)3]2+ dications and [Au(CN)2]- anions in a 2 : 3 ratio. The positive charge is compensated by X = Cl- anions in compounds 1 (M = Fe) and 2 (M = Co) and X = OH- in 3 (M = Ni). The three tridentate bipyridine ligands define the coordination of the M2+ cation, resulting in a nearly octahedral coordination sphere. The linear dicyanoaurate(I) anions are completely surrounded by a cradle of aromatic rings with Au-ring centroid distances below the sum of van der Waals radii, evidencing the existence of a specific Au⋯π attraction. This interaction has been analyzed in terms of the role of the Au-atom (Lewis acid or Lewis base) using DFT calculations combined with the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), noncovalent interaction plot index (NCIplot) and natural bond orbital (NBO) computational tools. The NBO suggests that the Au⋯π interaction is an example of a coinage bond in spite of the anionic nature of the acceptor and the cationic nature of the donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Priola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessia Giordana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo P Mazzeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17A, 43124 Parma, Italy.,Biopharmanet-TEC, Università degli studi di Parma, via Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Ghodrat Mahmoudi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, P.O. Box 55181-83111, Maragheh, Iran.
| | - Rosa M Gomila
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain.
| | - Fedor I Zubkov
- Faculty of Science, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Kuzma M Pokazeev
- Faculty of Science, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Karina S Valchuk
- Faculty of Science, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Alessia Bacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17A, 43124 Parma, Italy.,Biopharmanet-TEC, Università degli studi di Parma, via Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Ennio Zangrando
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain.
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