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Bai S, Han YF. Metal- N-Heterocyclic Carbene Chemistry Directed toward Metallosupramolecular Synthesis and Beyond. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:1213-1227. [PMID: 37126765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusAs versatile, modular, and strongly coordinating moieties in organometallic compounds, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have led to numerous breakthroughs in transition-metal catalysis, main group chemistry, and organocatalysis. In contrast, the chemistry of NHC-based metallosupramolecular assemblies, in which discrete individual components are held together via metal (M)-CNHC bonds, has been underdeveloped. Integrating NHCs into supramolecular assemblies would endow them with some unforeseen functions. However, one of the most critical challenges is seeking an appropriate combination of the rigid CNHC-M-CNHC units with the resulting topologies and applications. Toward this goal, for the last decade we have focused on the development of M-NHC directed toward metallosupramolecular synthesis. This Account aims to summarize our contributions to the application of M-NHC chemistry toward supramolecular synthesis from structural design to postassembly modification (PAM) and their functional applications since integrating NHCs into supramolecular assemblies has garnered much attention among organometallic, photochemical, and supramolecular researchers. While presenting representative examples of NHC-based architectures, we try to illustrate the purposes and concepts behind the systems developed to aid the rational approach to the design and fabrication of complex assemblies and M-NHC-templated photochemical reactions.We present synthetic approaches for new architectures by the rational design of starting NHC precursors, including the poly-NHC-based mechanically interlocked metallacages and the heteroleptic architectures based on electronic complementary and self-sorting mechanisms. The structural regulation of poly-NHC-based architectures with increasing topological complexity is elaborated on by selective combinations of tetraphenylethylene (TPE) units, NHC backbones, and N-wingtip substituents in a controllable manner.Subsequently, we move to elucidating an M-NHC-templated PAM approach that leads to functional organic cages featuring polyimidazolium/triazolium groups of different shapes and sizes that are difficult to access using alternative organic approaches. These organic cages possess well-defined cavities, and their in situ-generated NHC sites are ideal platforms for stabilizing metal nanoparticles (MNPs) within their cavities for improved catalytic performance.Finally, we demonstrate how to design supramolecular M-NHC templates to synthesize cyclobutane derivatives in homogeneous solutions in a catalytic fashion. Selected examples of M-NHC template-dependent structural transformations and photoreactions are discussed. Their applications in molecular recognition, aggregation-induced emission (AIE), cell imaging, anticancer activity, radical chemistry, and stimuli-responsive materials are also described.Taken together, M-NHC-templated approaches have proven to be powerful methods for constructing diverse architectures with functional applications. The development of this methodology is still in its infancy, with tremendous growth potential and a promising future. We believe that this Account will guide researchers to design fascinating and valuable M-carbene species for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Bai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
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Montà-González G, Sancenón F, Martínez-Máñez R, Martí-Centelles V. Purely Covalent Molecular Cages and Containers for Guest Encapsulation. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13636-13708. [PMID: 35867555 PMCID: PMC9413269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cage compounds offer unique binding pockets similar to enzyme-binding sites, which can be customized in terms of size, shape, and functional groups to point toward the cavity and many other parameters. Different synthetic strategies have been developed to create a toolkit of methods that allow preparing tailor-made organic cages for a number of distinct applications, such as gas separation, molecular recognition, molecular encapsulation, hosts for catalysis, etc. These examples show the versatility and high selectivity that can be achieved using cages, which is impossible by employing other molecular systems. This review explores the progress made in the field of fully organic molecular cages and containers by focusing on the properties of the cavity and their application to encapsulate guests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Montà-González
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Félix Sancenón
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain,CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain,Centro
de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF
de Investigación de Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina,
Valencia, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46012 Valencia, Spain,Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria la Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación
en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat
Politènica de València, 46026 València, Spain,Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain,CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain,Centro
de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF
de Investigación de Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina,
Valencia, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46012 Valencia, Spain,Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria la Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación
en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat
Politènica de València, 46026 València, Spain,Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain,R.M.-M.: email,
| | - Vicente Martí-Centelles
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain,V.M.-C.:
email,
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Wu JW, Long BF, Wang MF, Young DJ, Hu FL, Mi Y, Lang JP. Tunable photosalient behaviours within coordination polymers via functional molecular prearrangements. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2674-2677. [PMID: 35107453 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc07139d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four Cd(II)/diene coordination polymers (CPs) with similar 1D chain motifs exhibit different photosalient (PS) behaviours in response to UV light. The [2+2] photoreaction between the CC groups within these CPs results in diverse PS behaviours of their crystals with different CC pair arrangements. The interesting PS behaviours of these CPs can be applied in design and fabrication of advanced photoactuating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
| | - Bing-Fan Long
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
| | - Meng-Fan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China. .,College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - David James Young
- College of Engineering, IT and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia
| | - Fei-Long Hu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
| | - Yan Mi
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
| | - Jian-Ping Lang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang L, Sun LY, Chang JP, Xie HY, Zhang YW, Zhang YF, Han YF. A trefoil-shaped macrocycle with 12 imidazolium cations. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Wang Y, Chang JP, Xu R, Bai S, Wang D, Yang GP, Sun LY, Li P, Han YF. N-Heterocyclic carbenes and their precursors in functionalised porous materials. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:13559-13586. [PMID: 34783804 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00296a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Though N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have emerged as diverse and powerful discrete functional molecules in pharmaceutics, nanotechnology, and catalysis over decades, the heterogenization of NHCs and their precursors for broader applications in porous materials, like metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), porous coordination polymers (PCPs), covalent-organic frameworks (COFs), porous organic polymers (POPs), and porous organometallic cages (POMCs) was not extensively studied until the last ten years. By de novo or post-synthetic modification (PSM) methods, myriads of NHCs and their precursors containing building blocks were designed and integrated into MOFs, PCPs, COFs, POPs and POMCs to form various structures and porosities. Functionalisation with NHCs and their precursors significantly expands the scope of the potential applications of porous materials by tuning the pore surface chemical/physical properties, providing active sites for binding guest molecules and substrates and realizing recyclability. In this review, we summarise and discuss the recent progress on the synthetic methods, structural features, and promising applications of NHCs and their precursors in functionalised porous materials. At the end, a brief perspective on the encouraging future prospects and challenges in this contemporary field is presented. This review will serve as a guide for researchers to design and synthesize more novel porous materials functionalised with NHCs and their precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China.
| | - Jin-Ping Chang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China.
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China.
| | - Sha Bai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China.
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China.
| | - Guo-Ping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China.
| | - Li-Ying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China.
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China.
| | - Ying-Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China.
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