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Zhou P, Liang X, Xu Z, Chen H, Wei Z, Liang T, Jiang J, Zhang Z. Regiodivergent C-H alkynylation of 2-arylthiazoles switched by Ru II and Pd II catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6679-6682. [PMID: 38860866 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02254h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Two complementary regiodivergent C-H alkynylations of 2-arylthiazoles are reported. When RuII catalysis is employed, an aryl ortho-alkynylation process is favored. The alkynylated products are gained in good yields. With the use of PdII catalysis, a thiazole C5-alkynylation process is developed, allowing for the construction of C5-alkynylated products. This strategy not only expands the methods for the functionalization of 2-arylthiazoles, but also provides new opportunities for the rapid assembly of complex molecular structures, which may have great potential in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Xinyao Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Zekun Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Honggu Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Zongwu Wei
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China
| | - Taoyuan Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Zhuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
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Hasegawa S, Harano K, Motokura K. RhRu Bimetallic Oxide Cluster Catalysts for Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of Arenes and Carboxylic Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38842195 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Noble-metal-based bimetallic oxide clusters are promising novel catalysts. In this study, we developed carbon-supported RhRu bimetallic oxide clusters (RhRuOx/C) with a mean diameter of 1.2 nm, which showed remarkable catalytic activity for the cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) of arenes and carboxylic acids with O2 as the sole oxidant. RhRu bimetallic oxide cluster formation was confirmed by aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Kinetic isotope and substituent effects indicated that arene C-H bond cleavage was the rate-determining step and proceeded via electrophilic concerted metalation-deprotonation mechanism, with a carboxylate as an internal base. Density functional theory calculations supported the proposed mechanism and indicated that the active center for C-H bond activation was Rh(V) rather than Rh(III), while Ru enhanced the electrophilicity of the Rh(V) site by decreasing the negative charge of the surrounding oxygen atoms. Electron-rich arenes showed relatively high reactivity for the RhRuOx/C-catalyzed CDC reaction, and both aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids were applicable to the reaction. The RhRuOx/C catalyst is promising for the CDC reaction of arenes and carboxylic acids to produce aryl esters. This work promotes the development of noble-metal-based bimetallic oxide clusters for C-H bond activation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Koji Harano
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Ken Motokura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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Shlapakov NS, Kobelev AD, Burykina JV, Cheng YZ, You SL, Ananikov VP. Sulfur in Waste-Free Sustainable Synthesis: Advancing Carbon-Carbon Coupling Techniques. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402109. [PMID: 38421344 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This review explores the pivotal role of sulfur in advancing sustainable carbon-carbon (C-C) coupling reactions. The unique electronic properties of sulfur, as a soft Lewis base with significant mesomeric effect make it an excellent candidate for initiating radical transformations, directing C-H-activation, and facilitating cycloaddition and C-S bond dissociation reactions. These attributes are crucial for developing waste-free methodologies in green chemistry. Our mini-review is focused on existing sulfur-directed C-C coupling techniques, emphasizing their sustainability and comparing state-of-the-art methods with traditional approaches. The review highlights the importance of this research in addressing current challenges in organic synthesis and catalysis. The innovative use of sulfur in photocatalytic, electrochemical and metal-catalyzed processes not only exemplifies significant advancements in the field but also opens new avenues for environmentally friendly chemical processes. By focusing on atom economy and waste minimization, the analysis provides broad appeal and potential for future developments in sustainable organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita S Shlapakov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey D Kobelev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia V Burykina
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuan-Zheng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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Kaltenberger S, van Gemmeren M. Controlling Reactivity and Selectivity in the Nondirected C-H Activation of Arenes with Palladium. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2459-2472. [PMID: 37639549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusAromatic structures are widespread motifs throughout organic chemistry, and C-H activation has been recognized as a major tool for enabling their sustainable and efficient functionalization. Through C-H activation, arenes can be modified without the need for prefunctionalization, leading to inherent atom- and step-economic advantages over traditional methods. However, for the development of synthetically useful methods, several hurdles have to be overcome. The strength of C-H bonds necessitates the development of sufficiently reactive catalysts, while the presence of multiple C-H bonds within a substrate poses challenges in terms of site-selectivity. Traditionally these challenges have been addressed by substrate control. By attaching different directing groups (DGs), the reactivity of the respective arene was significantly enhanced and the DG guided the metal in close proximity to specific C-H bonds, resulting in high site-selectivity. However, the introduction and removal of the DG add additional steps to the synthetic sequence, and the scope of the reaction is limited to a specific substrate class. The development of complementary nondirected methods that can be applied to a broad range of arenes without the necessity to carry a specific functional group that coordinates to Pd (referred to as simple arenes) is therefore highly desirable. However, the intrinsically lower reactivity of such substrates and the absence of a selectivity-determining DG pose significant challenges that can be solved only by the development of highly efficient catalysts. Consequently, the field of nondirected C-H activation, especially with respect to Pd-catalyzed methods, remained comparatively underdeveloped when we initiated our research program in 2017. At that time, state-of-the-art methods required the arene to be used in large excess, precluding its use in late-stage functionalization. Since organopalladium species are among the most versatile synthetic intermediates, we realized that developing a system, which can effectively and selectively activate C-H bonds in simple arenes with the arene as the limiting reagent, would be a powerful tool in synthetic organic chemistry. This account summarizes our groups' research toward the development and application of catalytic systems offering this desired reactivity and focuses explicitly on Pd-catalyzed nondirected C-H functionalization reactions of arenes, where the arene is employed as a limiting reagent. After an introduction that summarizes the state of Pd-catalyzed C-H activation of arenes before 2017 and the associated challenges, experimental and mechanistic details about the development of the first arene-limited, nondirected C-H functionalization of simple arenes with palladium will be discussed. This reactivity was enabled by the identification and combination of two complementary ligands, an N-heterocycle and an amino acid-derived ligand. Afterward we will discuss the expansion of this dual-ligand approach to further arene-limited transformations. Finally, we describe two methodologies that originated from the observations we made during our studies, namely, the late-stage deuteration of simple arenes and a highly selective olefination method that uses noncovalent interactions to induce meta selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kaltenberger
- Otto Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Otto Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Zhang Q, Zhou P, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Liang T, Jiang J, Zhang Z. Catalyst-controlled regiodivergent C-H bond alkenylation of 2-pyridylthiophenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37366584 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02411c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel and effective RhIII- and PdII-controlled switchable C-H alkenylation of 2-pyridylthiophenes with alkenes is realized. The alkenylation reactions proceeded smoothly in a highly regio- and stereo-selective manner to afford a broad range of C3- and C5-alkenylated products. Depending on the catalyst employed, the reactions involve two typical approaches: C3-alkenylation via chelation-assisted rhodation and C5-alkenylation via electrophilic palladation. This regiodivergent synthetic protocol was successfully applied for the straightforward building of π-conjugated difunctionalized 2-pyridylthiophenes, which may show great potential in organic electronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Pengfei Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Yaokun Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Yeran Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Taoyuan Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Zhuan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
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Dhankhar J, Hofer MD, Linden A, Čorić I. Site-Selective C-H Arylation of Diverse Arenes Ortho to Small Alkyl Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205470. [PMID: 35830351 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic systems for direct C-H activation of arenes commonly show preference for electronically activated and sterically exposed C-H sites. Here we show that a range of functionally rich and pharmaceutically relevant arene classes can undergo site-selective C-H arylation ortho to small alkyl substituents, preferably endocyclic methylene groups. The C-H activation is experimentally supported as being the selectivity-determining step, while computational studies of the transition state models indicate the relevance of non-covalent interactions between the catalyst and the methylene group of the substrate. Our results suggest that preference for C(sp2 )-H activation next to alkyl groups could be a general selectivity mode, distinct from common steric and electronic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Dhankhar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Micha D Hofer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilija Čorić
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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Site‐Selective C–H Arylation of Diverse Arenes Ortho to Small Alkyl Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Jeong S, Joo JM. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Divergent C-H Functionalization of Five-Membered Heteroarenes. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:4518-4529. [PMID: 34886664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Conversion of common reactants to diverse products is a key objective of organic syntheses. Recent developments in transition-metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization have increased the interest in such conversions. Both the position of functionalization and the type of the substituent can be varied, allowing systematic diversification of common structural cores. Because five-membered heteroarenes (pyrazole, imidazole, thiazole, pyrrole, and thiophene) are ubiquitous in pharmaceuticals and organic functional materials, the selective C-H functionalization of these heterocyclic cores facilitates both the optimization of their physicochemical properties and streamlining of their preparation. In addition, the parent forms of these heterocycles are more readily available and inexpensive than any other derivatives of their families. Hence, their nondirected C-H functionalization is highly desirable. Although various regioselective reactions have been developed, many of them target the most reactive site; hence, except for some extensively studied arylation reactions, regiodivergent functionalization of two or more sites has been limited.This Account summarizes our work on the regiodivergent, nondirected C-H functionalization of five-membered heteroarenes with alkenes and alkynes. These unsaturated hydrocarbons are readily available, and all the composing atoms can be incorporated into products with high atom efficiency. Furthermore, the installed alkenyl groups can be transformed to other useful functional groups. To achieve comparable selectivity to that observed in the traditional reactions of these heteroarenes with highly electrophilic reagents and strong bases, a transition metal catalytic system was carefully devised with a more streamlined synthesis. A judicious choice of metals, ligands, acid and base additives, and solvents orchestrates divergent transformations using electronic and steric effects of the heteroarenes. Although C-H cleavage is a rate- and site-selectivity-determining step in most cases, the subsequent steps involving the formation of C-C bonds are often more critical than the other steps. For the C-H cleavage step, modulating the electronic properties of catalysts to make them electrophilic allows preferential alkenylation at the nucleophilic position. In addition, the presence of an internal base that can be exploited for concerted metalation-deprotonation of the acidic C-H bond offers alternative regioselectivity. Furthermore, we developed our own ligand system based on a conformationally rigid pyrazolonaphthyridine scaffold that enables aerobic C-H alkenylation reactions with steric control. We showed that the electronic and steric effects of heteroarenes can be further extended to chemodivergent reactions with norbornene derivatives. Depending on whether the palladacycle is formed, heteroarenes selectively undergo 1:2 annulation with norbornene derivatives and three-component reactions with other azoles through the Pd-norbornene adducts or Catellani and 2:1 annulation reactions through the palladacycle intermediates.Other research groups have also contributed to the development of divergent reactions, in investigations ranging from the pioneering studies in the early days of research on C-H functionalization to recent studies with new ligands. We have also discussed these studies in context. These approaches provide access to many heteroarenes with systematically varied substituents. We believe that new ligand systems and mechanistic insights gained through these studies will enrich fields beyond C-H functionalization of five-membered heteroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyeon Jeong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Kudashev A, Baudoin O. Site-Selective Pd-Catalyzed C(sp 3 )-H Arylation of Heteroaromatic Ketones. Chemistry 2021; 27:17688-17694. [PMID: 34761844 PMCID: PMC9299137 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A ligand‐controlled site‐selective C(sp3)−H arylation of heteroaromatic ketones has been developed using Pd catalysis. The reaction occurred selectively at the α‐ or β‐position of the ketone side‐chain. The switch from α‐ to β‐arylation was realized by addition of a pyridone ligand. The α‐arylation process showed broad scope and high site‐ and chemoselectivity, whereas the β‐arylation was more limited. Mechanistic investigations suggested that α‐arylation occurs through C−H activation/oxidative addition/reductive elimination whereas β‐arylation involves desaturation and aryl insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kudashev
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 19CH-4056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Olivier Baudoin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 19CH-4056BaselSwitzerland
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