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Iwasaki T, Nozaki K. Counterintuitive chemoselectivity in the reduction of carbonyl compounds. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:518-534. [PMID: 38831138 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00608-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The reactivity of carbonyl functional groups largely depends on the substituents on the carbon atom. Reversal of the commonly accepted order of reactivity of different carbonyl compounds requires novel synthetic approaches. Achieving selective reduction will enable the transformation of carbon resources such as plastic waste, carbon dioxide and biomass into valuable chemicals. In this Review, we explore the reduction of less reactive carbonyl groups in the presence of those typically considered more reactive. We discuss reductions, including the controlled reduction of ureas, amides and esters to aldehydes, as well as chemoselective reductions of carbonyl groups, including the reduction of ureas over carbamates, amides and esters; the reduction of amides over esters, ketones and aldehydes; and the reduction of ketones over aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Pandey PK, Patra M, Ranjan P, Kumar Pal N, Choudhary S, Bera JK. A Single Terminal [Ni II-OH] Catalyst for Direct Julia-Type Olefination and α-Alkylation Involving Sulfones and Alcohols. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400337. [PMID: 38644351 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
A terminal [NiII-OH] complex 1, supported by triflamide-functionalized NHC ligands, showed divergent reactivity for the reaction of sulfone with alcohol, contingent on base concentration, temperature, and time. Julia-type olefination of alcohols with sulfones was achieved using one equiv. of base, whereas lowering base loading to 0.5 equiv. afforded α-alkylated sulfones. Besides excellent substrate scope and selectivity, biologically active stilbene derivatives DMU-212, pinosylvin, resveratrol, and piceatannol were synthesized in high yield under Julia-type olefination conditions. An extensive array of controlled experiments and DFT calculations provide valuable insight on the reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar K Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Moumita Patra
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Prabodh Ranjan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Nilay Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Sanjay Choudhary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Jitendra K Bera
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
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3
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Moskalik MY, Ganin AS, Shainyan BA. The Reactions of Alkenes with Phenyl- N-triflylimino-λ 3-iodane: Solvent and Oxidant Impact. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15947. [PMID: 37958930 PMCID: PMC10650846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The reactions of alkenes with phenyl-N-triflylimino-λ3-iodane PhI=NTf (1) have been studied in different conditions. In methylene chloride, in the presence of N-halosuccinimides, the products of mono and bis-triflamidation were obtained. In MeCN, the product of bromotriflamidation (with NBS) with solvent interception or of bis-triflamidation (with NIS) is formed. The reaction with trans-stilbene in acetonitrile with NBS gave rise to cyclization to 2-methyl-4,5-diphenyl-1-triflyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole. In contrast, with NIS as an oxidant, both in CH2Cl2 and MeCN, the major product was 2,3-diphenyl-1-triflylaziridine formed in good yield. With NBS, aziridine is also formed but as a minor product, the major one being a mixture of diastereomers of the product of bromotriflamidation. The reaction of compound 1 with vinylcyclohexane in methylene chloride affords the mixtures of regioisomers of the products of halotriflamidation, whereas in acetonitrile, the products of solvent interception and cyclization to the imidazoline are formed. A mechanism explaining the formation of all isolated products is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anton S. Ganin
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Street, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia; (M.Y.M.); (B.A.S.)
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4
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Kehner R, Zhang G, Bayeh-Romero L. Mild Divergent Semireductive Transformations of Secondary and Tertiary Amides via Zirconocene Hydride Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4921-4927. [PMID: 36809854 PMCID: PMC10000628 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The mild catalytic partial reduction of amides to imines has proven to be a challenging synthetic transformation, with many transition metals directly reducing these substrates to amines. Herein, we report a mild, catalytic method for the semireduction of both secondary and tertiary amides via zirconocene hydride catalysis. Utilizing just 5 mol % of Cp2ZrCl2, the reductive deoxygenation of secondary amides is demonstrated to furnish a diverse array of imines in up to 94% yield with excellent chemoselectivity and without the need for glovebox handling. Moreover, a novel reductive transamination of tertiary amides is also achievable when the catalytic protocol is carried out in the presence of a primary amine at room temperature, providing access to an expanded assortment of imines in up to 98% yield. Through slight procedural tuning, the single-flask conversion of amides to imines, aldehydes, amines or enamines is feasible, including multicomponent syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca
A. Kehner
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
| | - Liela Bayeh-Romero
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
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5
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Adilkhanova A, Frolova VF, Yessengazin A, Öztopçu Ö, Gudun KA, Segizbayev M, Matsokin NA, Dmitrienko A, Pilkington M, Khalimon AY. Synthesis and catalytic performance of nickel phosphinite pincer complexes in deoxygenative hydroboration of amides. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:2872-2886. [PMID: 36762562 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03801c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of imino-POCNR, amino-POCNR2, and bis(phosphinite) POCOP pincer complexes of Ni(II) were prepared and tested in catalytic deoxygenative hydroboration of amides with HBPin to the corresponding amines. In contrast to the deoxygenative hydrosilylation approach, primarily developed for tertiary amides, superior reactivity in Ni-catalyzed deoxygenative hydroboration was demonstrated for secondary carboxamides. The bis(phosphinite) hydride complex (POCOP)NiH proved the most active in these reactions, tolerating potentially reducible functionalities such as internal alkenes, esters, nitriles, heteroaromatic compounds, and tertiary amides. Preferable hydroboration of secondary amides was also demonstrated in the presence of primary amide functionalities. The reactions were conducted at 60-80 °C, representing a rare example of a base-metal catalytic system for selective deoxygenation of secondary amides to the corresponding amines under mild conditions. In contrast to secondary amides, deoxygenative hydroboration of primary amides was demonstrated using an iminophosphinite pre-catalyst (POCNDmp)Ni(CH2TMS) (Dmp = 2,6-Me2C6H3). Deoxygenation reactions were suggested to proceed via a direct C-O bond cleavage mechanism, which is triggered by dehydrogenative N-borylation to access more electrophilic N-borylamides amenable to the addition of HBPin to the carbonyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza Adilkhanova
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan. .,School of Mining and Geosciences, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Valeriya F Frolova
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Azamat Yessengazin
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Özgür Öztopçu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Kristina A Gudun
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Medet Segizbayev
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Nikita A Matsokin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anton Dmitrienko
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Melanie Pilkington
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Andrey Y Khalimon
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan.
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Jiang C, Chen Y, Gao P, Zhang S, Jia X, Yuan Y. Direct Transformation of Nitrogen-Containing Methylheteroarenes to Heteroaryl Nitrile by Sodium Nitrite. Org Lett 2022; 24:6341-6345. [PMID: 35993577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cyanation reaction of methylheteroarenes with acetyl chloride and sodium nitrite via the radical process in high yields is reported. According to the control experiments, the reaction mechanism underwent radical progress. It is very useful in the pharmacy industry due to its metal-free and easy treatment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Yuqin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Pan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
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Song Q, Wang S, Lei X, Liu Y, Wen X, Wang Z. One-Pot Route from Halogenated Amides to Piperidines and Pyrrolidines. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154698. [PMID: 35897866 PMCID: PMC9331508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Piperidine and pyrrolidine derivatives are important nitrogen heterocyclic structures with a wide range of biological activities. However, reported methods for their construction often face problems of requiring the use of expensive metal catalysts, highly toxic reaction reagents or hazardous reaction conditions. Herein, an efficient route from halogenated amides to piperidines and pyrrolidines was disclosed. In this method, amide activation, reduction of nitrile ions, and intramolecular nucleophilic substitution were integrated in a one-pot reaction. The reaction conditions were mild and no metal catalysts were used. The synthesis of a variety of N-substituted and some C-substituted piperidines and pyrrolidines became convenient, and good yields were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Song
- Department of Chemistry, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; (S.W.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
- Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiral Technology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Yibin 644000, China
- Correspondence: (Q.S.); (Z.W.)
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; (S.W.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiangui Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; (S.W.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
- Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiral Technology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; (S.W.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xin Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; (S.W.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Zhouyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; (S.W.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (X.W.)
- Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiral Technology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Yibin 644000, China
- Correspondence: (Q.S.); (Z.W.)
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Xia J, Hui N, Tian L, Liang C, Zhang J, Liu J, Wang J, Ren X, Xie X, Wang K. Development of vericiguat: The first soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulator launched for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112894. [PMID: 35367763 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, with improvements in treatments for heart failure (HF), the survival period of patients has been extended. However, the emergence of some patients with repeated hospitalizations due to their worsening conditions and low survival rates followed. Currently, few drugs are available for such patients. Vericiguat was first drug approved for the treatment of symptomatic patients with chronic HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) to reduce the occurrence of worsening HF. This article provides comprehensive information about vericiguat in terms of drug design and development, structure-activity relationship (SAR), synthesis, pharmacological efficacy, and clinical practice. In addition, insights into the current vericiguat trials and treatments of HF are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xia
- Laboratory of Hematologic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, PR China.
| | - Nan Hui
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China.
| | - Lei Tian
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China.
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China.
| | - Jifang Liu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese and Tibetan Medicine of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Provincial Drug Inspection and Testing Institute, Xining 810000, PR China.
| | - Xiaodong Ren
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- Shaanxi Panlong Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Xi'an, 710025, PR China.
| | - Kun Wang
- Children's Center, the Affiliated Taian City Centeral Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, PR China.
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9
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Liu L, Liu Y, Shen X, Zhang X, Deng S, Chen Y. KO tBu-Mediated Reductive Cyanation of Tertiary Amides for Synthesis of α-Aminonitriles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6321-6329. [PMID: 35394785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A simple, mild, catalyst-free, and efficacious KOtBu-mediated reductive cyanation reaction of tertiary amides under hydrosilylation conditions has been described. A series of α-aminonitriles is obtained in moderate to high yield with good functional group tolerance. The reaction works well with a readily available amide substrate, a cheap and versatile base KOtBu, and a commercially available hydrosilane (EtO)3SiH and is convenient for workup and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Liu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Xue Shen
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Shengqi Deng
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
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Majethia GN, Haq W, Balendiran GK. Chemoselective Reduction of Fenofibric Acid to Alcohol in the Presence of Ketone by Mixed Anhydride and Sodium Borohydride. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022; 12:116-125. [PMID: 35919104 PMCID: PMC9328401 DOI: 10.4236/ijoc.2022.122010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient and facile protocol for the selective reduction of carboxylic acid of Fenofibric acid to corresponding alcohol was developed. The selective reduction was carried out by activation of carboxylic acid by mixed anhydride followed by the reaction of sodium borohydride in presence of methanol. This is the first example of chemoselective reduction of carboxylic acid to alcohol in presence of a ketone without any external catalyst or ligand in a single step. The reaction offers wide applicability for the selective carboxylic group reduction methodology. The chemoselective reduction was demonstrated by the reduction of Fenofibric acid, an active metabolite of the drug Fenofibrate, to corresponding alcohol in excellent selectivity, yield, and purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greesha N Majethia
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH, USA
| | - Wahajul Haq
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH, USA
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11
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Khalimon AY. Deoxygenative hydroboration of carboxamides: a versatile and selective synthetic approach to amines. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17455-17466. [PMID: 34787155 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03516a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deoxygenative reduction of amides is considered as an attractive method for preparation of synthetically valuable amines. However, the low electrophilicity of the amide carbonyl group, high thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness of the amides make their reduction a challenging task. Until recently, most efforts for catalytic deoxygenation of amides to amines were concentrated on hydrogenation and hydrosilylation approaches, which mainly employed precious metal catalysts and often required harsh reaction conditions and showed insufficient selectivities. Moreover, these reactions are mostly limited to secondary and tertiary amides, whereas direct reduction of primary amides to primary amines remained arduous. In contrast, deoxygenative hydroboration of amides, although it appeared less then a decade ago, has already proved advantageous in terms of the amide scope, reaction conditions and selectivity of transformations. This article provides an overview of the developments in hydroboration of amides, focusing on mechanistic aspects of these transformations and advantages of hydroboration compared to hydrogenation and hydrosilylation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Y Khalimon
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan.
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