1
|
Hao Y, Lu YL, Jiao Z, Su CY. Photocatalysis Meets Confinement: An Emerging Opportunity for Photoinduced Organic Transformations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317808. [PMID: 38238997 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The self-assembled metal-organic cages (MOCs) have been evolved as a paradigm of enzyme-mimic catalysts since they are able to synergize multifunctionalities inherent in metal and organic components and constitute microenvironments characteristic of enzymatic spatial confinement and versatile host-guest interactions, thus facilitating unconventional organic transformations via unique driving-forces such as weak noncovalent binding and electron/energy transfer. Recently, MOC-based photoreactors emerged as a burgeoning platform of supramolecular photocatalysis, displaying anomalous reactivities and selectivities distinct from bulk solution. This perspective recaps two decades journey of the photoinduced radical reactions by using photoactive metal-organic cages (PMOCs) as artificial reactors, outlining how the cage-confined photocatalysis was evolved from stoichiometric photoreactions to photocatalytic turnover, from high-energy UV-irradiation to sustainable visible-light photoactivation, and from simple radical reactions to multi-level chemo- and stereoselectivities. We will focus on PMOCs that merge structural and functional biomimicry into a single-cage to behave as multi-role photoreactors, emphasizing their potentials in tackling current challenges in organic transformations through single-electron transfer (SET) or energy transfer (EnT) pathways in a simple, green while feasible manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanke Hao
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yu-Lin Lu
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhiwei Jiao
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Cheng-Yong Su
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Peng Y, Su Z, Jin M, Zhu L, Guan ZJ, Fang Y. Recent advances in porous molecular cages for photocatalytic organic conversions. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15216-15232. [PMID: 37492891 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01679j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic organic conversion is considered an efficient, environmentally friendly, and energy-saving strategy for organic synthesis. In recent decades, the molecular cage has emerged as a creative functional material with broad applications in host-guest recognition, drug delivery, catalysis, intelligent materials and other fields. Based on the unique properties of porous molecular cage materials, they provide an ideal platform for leveraging pre-structuring in catalytic reactions and show great potential in various photocatalytic organic reactions. As a result, they have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional molecules or inorganic photocatalysts in redox processes. In this Review, the synthesis strategies based on coordination cages and organic cages, as well as their recent progress in photocatalytic organic conversion, are comprehensively summarized. Finally, we deliver the persistent challenges associated with porous molecular cage compounds that need to be overcome for further development in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhifang Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Meng Jin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zong-Jie Guan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Fang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li D, Yang L, Fang W, Fu X, Li H, Li J, Li X, He C. An artificial light-harvesting system constructed from a water-soluble metal-organic barrel for photocatalytic aerobic reactions in aqueous media. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9943-9950. [PMID: 37736644 PMCID: PMC10510649 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02943c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An artificial light-harvesting system constructed from a water-soluble host-guest complex can be regarded as a high-level conceptual model of its biological counterpart and can convert solar energy into chemical energy in an aqueous environment. Herein, a water-soluble metal-organic barrel Ga-tpe with twelve sulfonic acid units was obtained by subcomponent self-assembly between Ga3+ ions and tetra-topic ligands with tetraphenylethylene (TPE) cores. By taking advantage of host-guest interactions, cationic dye rhodamine B (RB) was constrained in the pocket of Ga-tpe to promote the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) process for efficient photocatalytic aerobic oxidation of sulfides and cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction in aqueous media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 P. R. China
| | - Linlin Yang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Forensic Science Evidence, School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University Xinxiang 453003 P. R. China
| | - Wangjian Fang
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Xinmei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 P. R. China
| | - Hechuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 P. R. China
| | - Jianxu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 P. R. China
| | - Xuezhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 P. R. China
| | - Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Su H, Xu Y, Yu H, Han N, Zeng Y, Hao XQ, Shi J, Wang M. Construction of 1,3,5-Triazine-Based Prisms and Their Enhanced Solid-State Emissions. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:7795-7802. [PMID: 37163494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two trigonal prisms based on the 1,3,5-triazine motif (SA and SB), distinguished by hydrophobic groups, were prepared by the self-assembly of tritopic terpyridine ligands and Zn(II) ions. SA and SB exhibited high luminescence efficiencies in the solid state, overcoming the fluorescence quenching of the 1,3,5-triazine group caused by π-π interactions. Notably, SA and SB exhibited different luminescence behaviors in the solution state and aggregation state. SB with 12 alkyl chains exhibited extremely weak fluorescence in a dilute solution, but its fluorescence intensity and photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) were significantly enhanced in the aggregated state (with the increase in the water fraction), especially in the solid state. Different from the gradually enhanced efficiency of SB, the PLQY of SA gradually decreased with the increase in aggregation but still maintained a high luminescence efficiency. These two complexes exhibited different modes to solve the fluorescence quenching of 1,3,5-triazine in the solid state. The hierarchical self-assembly of SB exhibited nanorods owing to the hydrophobic interactions of alky chains, while SA aggregated into spheres under the influence of π-π interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Su
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Yaping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Ningxu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Yunting Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Xin-Qi Hao
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Junjuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kanagaraj K, Wang R, Zhao MK, Ballester P, Rebek J, Yu Y. Selective Binding and Isomerization of Oximes in a Self-Assembled Capsule. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5816-5823. [PMID: 36857099 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of straight-chain (C7-C13) alkyl-O-methyl aldoximes (R-C(H)═NOMe) were synthesized with various functional groups at the remote ends (alkenes, halogen, -COOH, and NH2). Their isomers about the C═N bond showed ∼60-40% E-Z-ratio in organic solutions. Surprisingly, their confinement in a water-soluble capsule with benzoselenodiazole walls shows high selectivity for the cis-/Z-isomer. Their relative affinities for the chalcogen-bonded capsule at room temperature depend mainly on the guest chain length and functional groups. A chain length of 14 heavy atoms showed especially high E- to Z-isomer selectivity (>99%) and was used in separation. The E-Z isomerization occurred only in the capsular cavity at room temperature and was accelerated 10-fold by sonication. The Z-isomer selective binding, separation, and E-Z isomerization are supported by NMR, DOSY, and computational studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuppusamy Kanagaraj
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ming-Kai Zhao
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Pablo Ballester
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julius Rebek
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.,Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yang Yu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li D, Liu X, Yang L, Li H, Guo G, Li X, He C. Highly efficient Förster resonance energy transfer between an emissive tetraphenylethylene-based metal-organic cage and the encapsulated dye guest. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2237-2244. [PMID: 36845925 PMCID: PMC9945327 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06022a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The host-guest strategy presents an ideal way to achieve efficient Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) by forcing close proximity between an energy donor and acceptor. Herein, by encapsulating the negatively charged acceptor dyes eosin Y (EY) or sulforhodamine 101 (SR101) in the cationic tetraphenylethene-based emissive cage-like host donor Zn-1, host-guest complexes were formed that exhibit highly efficient FRET. The energy transfer efficiency of Zn-1⊃EY reached 82.4%. To better verify the occurrence of the FRET process and make full use of the harvested energy, Zn-1⊃EY was successfully used as a photochemical catalyst for the dehalogenation of α-bromoacetophenone. Furthermore, the emission color of the host-guest system Zn-1⊃SR101 could be adjusted to exhibit bright white-light emission with the CIE coordinates (0.32, 0.33). This work details a promising approach to enhance the efficiency of the FRET process by the creation of a host-guest system between the cage-like host and dye acceptor, thus serving as a versatile platform for mimicking natural light-harvesting systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 P. R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 P. R. China
| | - Linlin Yang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Forensic Science Evidence, School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiang 453003P. R. China
| | - Hechuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 P. R. China
| | - Guoxu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 P. R. China
| | - Xuezhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 P. R. China
| | - Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ham R, Nielsen CJ, Pullen S, Reek JNH. Supramolecular Coordination Cages for Artificial Photosynthesis and Synthetic Photocatalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5225-5261. [PMID: 36662702 PMCID: PMC10176487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Because sunlight is the most abundant energy source on earth, it has huge potential for practical applications ranging from sustainable energy supply to light driven chemistry. From a chemical perspective, excited states generated by light make thermodynamically uphill reactions possible, which forms the basis for energy storage into fuels. In addition, with light, open-shell species can be generated which open up new reaction pathways in organic synthesis. Crucial are photosensitizers, which absorb light and transfer energy to substrates by various mechanisms, processes that highly depend on the distance between the molecules involved. Supramolecular coordination cages are well studied and synthetically accessible reaction vessels with single cavities for guest binding, ensuring close proximity of different components. Due to high modularity of their size, shape, and the nature of metal centers and ligands, cages are ideal platforms to exploit preorganization in photocatalysis. Herein we focus on the application of supramolecular cages for photocatalysis in artificial photosynthesis and in organic photo(redox) catalysis. Finally, a brief overview of immobilization strategies for supramolecular cages provides tools for implementing cages into devices. This review provides inspiration for future design of photocatalytic supramolecular host-guest systems and their application in producing solar fuels and complex organic molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rens Ham
- Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Jasslie Nielsen
- Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja Pullen
- Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hugenbusch D, Lehr M, von Glasenapp JS, McConnell AJ, Herges R. Light-Controlled Destruction and Assembly: Switching between Two Differently Composed Cage-Type Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212571. [PMID: 36215411 PMCID: PMC10099457 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We report on two regioisomeric, diazocine ligands 1 and 2 that can both be photoswitched between the E- and Z-configurations with violet and green light. The self-assembly of the four species (1-Z, 1-E, 2-Z, 2-E) with CoII ions was investigated upon changing the coordination vectors as a function of the ligand configuration (E vs Z) and regioisomer (1 vs 2). With 1-Z, Co2 (1-Z)3 was self-assembled, while a mixture of ill-defined species (oligomers) was observed with 2-Z. Upon photoswitching with 385 nm to the E configurations, the opposite was observed with 1-E forming oligomers and 2-E forming Co2 (2-E)3 . Light-controlled dis/assembly was demonstrated in a ligand competition experiment with sub-stoichiometric amounts of CoII ions; alternating irradiation with violet and green light resulted in the reversible transformation between Co2 (1-Z)3 and Co2 (2-E)3 over multiple cycles without significant fatigue by photoswitching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hugenbusch
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marc Lehr
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Simon von Glasenapp
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna J McConnell
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sheetz EG, Zhang Z, Marogil A, Che M, Pink M, Carta V, Raghavachari K, Flood AH. High‐fidelity Recognition of Organotrifluoroborate Anions (R−BF
3
−
) as Designer Guest Molecules. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201584. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward G. Sheetz
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Alyssa Marogil
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Minwei Che
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Maren Pink
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Veronica Carta
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Krishnan Raghavachari
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xuan JJ, Xia ZJ, Yan DN, Hu SJ, Zhou LP, Cai LX, Sun QF. Shape Complementary Coordination Self-Assembly of a Redox-Active Heteroleptic Complex. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:8854-8860. [PMID: 35642338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present here the coordination self-assembly of a new heteroleptic (bpyPd)4L1L22 coordination complex (1) from one novel pyridinium-functionalized bis-2,4,6-tris(pyridin-3-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (bis-3-TPT, L1) macrocyclic ligand, two separate 3-TPT (L2) ligands, and four cis-blocking bpyPd(NO3)2 (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine). While homoleptic self-assemblies with either L1 or L2 gave dynamic mixtures of products, a single thermodynamic heteroleptic complex was obtained driven by the shape complementarity of building blocks. Moreover, the redox-active nature of the heteroleptic assembly facilitates the highly efficient catalytic aerobic photo-oxidation of aromatic secondary alcohols under mild conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jin Xuan
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Jun Xia
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Ni Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xuan Cai
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Fu Sun
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|