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Shen T, Liu X. Photoinduced Charge Centralization Quenches the Fluorescence of Conjugation-Fused Tetrazine Labels with Red-to-Near-Infrared Emissions. Bioconjug Chem 2024. [PMID: 38963403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Tetrazine-derived fluorogenic labels are extensively studied for their potential in biological and medical imaging. Nonetheless, the fluorescence quenching mechanism in numerous precursors continues to be debated, particularly as the wavelengths extend into the red and near-infrared (NIR) regions. This challenge poses obstacles to systematically optimizing their fluorogenicity, i.e., achieving red-shifted wavelengths and improved fluorescence turn-on signals through click reactions. This paper highlights the significance of photoinduced charge centralization (PCC), a quenching mechanism observed in tetrazine-fused fluorogenic labels with integrated π-conjugations. PCC is primarily responsible for the quenching effects observed in such labels emitting in the red-to-NIR spectrum. Drawing from structure-property relationships, this study proposes two molecular design strategies that incorporate the PCC mechanism and constitutional isomerization to develop high-performance tetrazine-based labels. These strategies facilitate multiplex fluorescence imaging following click reactions, promising significant advancements in bio-orthogonal imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianruo Shen
- Science, Mathematics and Technology Cluster, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Science, Mathematics and Technology Cluster, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
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Wang Y, Torres-García D, Mostert TP, Reinalda L, Van Kasteren SI. A Bioorthogonal Dual Fluorogenic Probe for the Live-Cell Monitoring of Nutrient Uptake by Mammalian Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202401733. [PMID: 38716701 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Cells rely heavily on the uptake of exogenous nutrients for survival, growth, and differentiation. Yet quantifying the uptake of small molecule nutrients at the single cell level is difficult. Here we present a new approach to studying the nutrient uptake in live single cells using Inverse Electron-Demand Diels Alder (IEDDA) chemistry. We have modified carboxyfluorescein-diacetate-succinimidyl esters (CFSE)-a quenched fluorophore that can covalently react with proteins and is only turned on in the cytosol of a cell following esterase activity-with a tetrazine. This tetrazine serves as a second quencher for the pendant fluorophore. Upon reaction with nutrients modified with an electron-rich or strained dienophile in an IEDDA reaction, this quenching group is destroyed, thereby enabling the probe to fluoresce. This has allowed us to monitor the uptake of a variety of dienophile-containing nutrients in live primary immune cell populations using flow cytometry and live-cell microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Wang
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Torres-García
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thijmen P Mostert
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk Reinalda
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander I Van Kasteren
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Işık M, Kısaçam MA. Readily Accessible and Brightly Fluorogenic BODIPY/NBD-Tetrazines via S NAr Reactions. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6513-6519. [PMID: 38598957 PMCID: PMC11077493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
We describe SNAr reactions of some commercial amino-tetrazines and halo-dyes, which give efficiently quenched BODIPY/NBD-tetrazines (ΦFl < 0.01) in high yields and, importantly, with high purities affordable via simple silica gel chromatography only. The dyes exhibit large Stokes shifts, moderate environmental sensitivity, and emission enhancements (up to 193-fold) upon Tz ligation with BCN─a strained dienophile. They successfully serve as labels for HSA protein premodified with BCN, resulting in bright blue-green emission upon ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Işık
- Department
of Food Engineering, Bingöl University, 12000 Bingöl, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Ali Kısaçam
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, 31060 Hatay, Türkiye
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Segawa S, He X, Tang BZ. Metal-free click and bioorthogonal reactions of aggregation-induced emission probes for lighting up living systems. LUMINESCENCE 2024; 39:e4619. [PMID: 37987236 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
In 2002, two transformative research paradigms emerged: 'click chemistry' and 'aggregation-induced emission (AIE),' both leaving significant impacts on early 21st-century academia. Click chemistry, which describes the straightforward and reliable reactions for linking two building blocks, has simplified complex molecular syntheses and functionalization, propelling advancements in polymer, material, and life science. In particular, nontoxic, metal-free click reactions involving abiotic functional groups have matured into bioorthogonal reactions. These are organic ligations capable of selective and efficient operations even in congested living systems, therefore enabling in vitro to in vivo biomolecular labelling. Concurrently, AIE, a fluorogenic phenomenon of twisted π-conjugated compounds upon aggregation, has offered profound insight into solid-state photophysics and promoted the creation of aggregate materials. The inherent fluorogenicity and aggregate-emission properties of AIE luminogens have found extensive application in biological imaging, characterized by their high-contrast and photostable fluorescent signals. As such, the convergence of these two domains to yield efficient labelling with excellent fluorescence images is an anticipated progression in recent life science research. In this review, we intend to showcase the synergetic applications of AIE probes and metal-free click or bioorthogonal reactions, highlighting both the achievements and the unexplored avenues in this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Segawa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, School of Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xuewen He
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Teng Y, Zhang R, Yang B, Yang H, Li X, Yin D, Feng X, Tian Y. Bio-orthogonally activated tetraphenylene-tetrazine aggregation-induced emission fluorogenic probes. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:8642-8649. [PMID: 36254898 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01893d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tetrazine-based bio-orthogonally activated fluorogenic probes have drawn great attention due to their excellent performance in bioimaging; however, most of them suffer from aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) problems. Herein, we developed a set of novel tetrazine-modified tetraphenylenes (TPEs) as bio-orthogonally activated aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorogenic probes. Both the fluorescence and AIE features are quenched by tetrazine, which is mediated by the through-bond energy-transfer (TBET) mechanism, and are activated upon converting tetrazine to pyridazine via the inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder (iEDDA) reaction. The activated cycloadducts displayed a notable fluorescence enhancement, a large Stokes shift, a high fluorescence quantum yield, and evident AIE-active features. Manipulating the length and position of the π-linker enables fine-tuning of the photophysical properties of the probes, while an overlong planar π-linker leads to AIE-to-ACQ transformation. We also designed bi-tetrazyl-substituted probes, which exhibited a higher turn-on ratio than the mono-tetrazyl analogs owing to the 'double-quenched' function. When they reacted with double-clickable linkers, fluorescent macrocycles were obtained because of the restriction of the free rotation of the phenyl rings of TPE. Using an organelle-pretargeting strategy, we succeeded in applying these probes for mitochondria-specific bio-orthogonal imaging in live cells under no-wash conditions, which is expected to provide a powerful tool for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Teng
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Bingbing Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Hong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Dali Yin
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Xinchi Feng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Yulin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China.
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