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Sanders MA, Chittari SS, Foley JR, Swofford WM, Elder BM, Knight AS. Leveraging Triphenylphosphine-Containing Polymers to Explore Design Principles for Protein-Mimetic Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17404-17413. [PMID: 38863219 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Complex interactions between noncoordinating residues are significant yet commonly overlooked components of macromolecular catalyst function. While these interactions have been demonstrated to impact binding affinities and catalytic rates in metalloenzymes, the roles of similar structural elements in synthetic polymeric catalysts remain underexplored. Using a model Suzuki-Miyuara cross-coupling reaction, we performed a series of systematic studies to probe the interconnected effects of metal-ligand cross-links, electrostatic interactions, and local rigidity in polymer catalysts. To achieve this, a novel bifunctional triphenylphosphine acrylamide (BisTPPAm) monomer was synthesized and evaluated alongside an analogous monofunctional triphenylphosphine acrylamide (TPPAm). In model copolymer catalysts, increased initial reaction rates were observed for copolymers untethered by Pd complexation (BisTPPAm-containing) compared to Pd-cross-linked catalysts (TPPAm-containing). Further, incorporating local rigidity through secondary structure-like and electrostatic interactions revealed nonmonotonic relationships between composition and the reaction rate, demonstrating the potential for tunable behavior through secondary-sphere interactions. Finally, through rigorous cheminformatics featurization strategies and statistical modeling, we quantitated relationships between chemical descriptors of the substrate and reaction conditions on catalytic performance. Collectively, these results provide insights into relationships among the composition, structure, and function of protein-mimetic catalytic copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Supraja S Chittari
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jack R Foley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - William M Swofford
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Bridgette M Elder
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Abigail S Knight
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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2
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Arena D, Verde-Sesto E, Rivilla I, Pomposo JA. Artificial Photosynthases: Single-Chain Nanoparticles with Manifold Visible-Light Photocatalytic Activity for Challenging "in Water" Organic Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14397-14403. [PMID: 38639303 PMCID: PMC11140743 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalyzed reactions of organic substances in aqueous media are challenging transformations, often because of scarce solubility of substrates and catalyst deactivation. Herein, we report single-chain nanoparticles, SCNPs, capable of efficiently catalyzing four different "in water" organic reactions by employing visible light as the only external energy source. Specifically, we decorated a high-molecular-weight copolymer, poly(OEGMA300-r-AEMA), with iridium(III) cyclometalated complex pendants at varying content amounts. The isolated functionalized copolymers demonstrated self-assembly into noncovalent, amphiphilic SCNPs in water, which enabled efficient visible-light photocatalysis of two reactions unprecedentedly reported in water, namely, [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of vinyl arenes and α-arylation of N-arylamines. Additionally, aerobic oxidation of 9-substituted anthracenes and β-sulfonylation of α-methylstyrene were successfully carried out in aqueous media. Hence, by merging metal-mediated photocatalysis and SCNPs for the fabrication of artificial photoenzyme-like nano-objects─i.e., artificial photosynthases (APS)─our work broadens the possibilities for performing challenging "in water" organic transformations via visible-light photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Arena
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center
MPC, P° Manuel Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
| | - Ester Verde-Sesto
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center
MPC, P° Manuel Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE-Basque
Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, E-48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Iván Rivilla
- IKERBASQUE-Basque
Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, E-48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Centro de Innovación en
Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Faculty of Chemistry, P° Manuel Lardizabal 3, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), P° Manuel Lardizabal 4, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
| | - José A. Pomposo
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center
MPC, P° Manuel Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE-Basque
Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, E-48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Departamento
de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química
y Tecnología, University of the Basque
Country (UPV/EHU), Faculty of Chemistry, P° Manuel Lardizabal 3, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
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3
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Mundsinger K, Izuagbe A, Tuten BT, Roesky PW, Barner-Kowollik C. Single Chain Nanoparticles in Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311734. [PMID: 37852937 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the last six decades folded polymer chains-so-called Single Chain Nanoparticles (SCNPs)-have evolved from the mere concept of intramolecularly crosslinked polymer chains to tailored nanoreactors, underpinned by a plethora of techniques and chemistries to tailor and analyze their morphology and function. These monomolecular polymer entities hold critical promise in a wide range of applications. Herein, we highlight the exciting progress that has been made in the field of catalytically active SCNPs in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Mundsinger
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 4000, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Aidan Izuagbe
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 4000, Brisbane QLD, Australia
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bryan T Tuten
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 4000, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 4000, Brisbane QLD, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz-1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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4
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Pinacho-Olaciregui J, Verde-Sesto E, Taton D, Pomposo JA. Gold Nanoclusters Synthesized within Single-Chain Nanoparticles as Catalytic Nanoreactors in Water. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:378. [PMID: 38337267 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Metalloenzymes are able to catalyze complex biochemical reactions in cellular (aqueous) media with high efficiency. In recent years, a variety of metal-containing single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs) have been synthesized as simplified metalloenzyme-mimetic nano-objects. However, most of the metal-containing SCNPs reported so far contained complexed metal ions but not metal nanoclusters (NCs) with diameter <5 nm, which could be used as powerful, emerging catalysts. Herein, we report the synthesis of gold nanoclusters (Au-NCs) within SCNPs and the further use of Au-NCs/SCNPs as catalytic nanoreactors in water. We demonstrate that a common motif contained in several drugs (i.e., the aminophenyl-oxazolidinone fragment present in Rivaroxaban, Sutezolid, and Linezolid) can be efficiently prepared in water from a hydrophobic precursor compound by using the Au-NCs/SCNPs as efficient catalytic nanoreactors. In summary, this work paves the way forthe synthesis of metal-NCs/SCNPs for advanced catalysis in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jokin Pinacho-Olaciregui
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center MPC, Pº Manuel Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), Université de Bordeaux INP-ENSCBP, 16 av. Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac CEDEX, France
| | - Ester Verde-Sesto
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center MPC, Pº Manuel Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE-Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, E-48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Daniel Taton
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), Université de Bordeaux INP-ENSCBP, 16 av. Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac CEDEX, France
| | - José A Pomposo
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center MPC, Pº Manuel Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE-Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, E-48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Departamento de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados, Física, Química y Tecnología, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Pº Manuel Lardizabal 3, E-20800 Donostia, Spain
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5
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Day EC, Chittari SS, Bogen MP, Knight AS. Navigating the Expansive Landscapes of Soft Materials: A User Guide for High-Throughput Workflows. ACS POLYMERS AU 2023; 3:406-427. [PMID: 38107416 PMCID: PMC10722570 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are highly customizable with tailored structures and functionality, yet this versatility generates challenges in the design of advanced materials due to the size and complexity of the design space. Thus, exploration and optimization of polymer properties using combinatorial libraries has become increasingly common, which requires careful selection of synthetic strategies, characterization techniques, and rapid processing workflows to obtain fundamental principles from these large data sets. Herein, we provide guidelines for strategic design of macromolecule libraries and workflows to efficiently navigate these high-dimensional design spaces. We describe synthetic methods for multiple library sizes and structures as well as characterization methods to rapidly generate data sets, including tools that can be adapted from biological workflows. We further highlight relevant insights from statistics and machine learning to aid in data featurization, representation, and analysis. This Perspective acts as a "user guide" for researchers interested in leveraging high-throughput screening toward the design of multifunctional polymers and predictive modeling of structure-property relationships in soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew P. Bogen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Abigail S. Knight
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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6
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Thümmler JF, Maragani R, Schmitt FJ, Tang G, Rahmanlou SM, Laufer J, Lucas H, Mäder K, Binder WH. Thermoresponsive swelling of photoacoustic single-chain nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11373-11376. [PMID: 37665625 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03851c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
NIR-fluorescent LCST-type single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs) change their photophysical behaviour upon heating, caused by depletion of water from the swollen SCNP interiors. This thermoresponsive effect leads to a fluctuating photoacoustic (PA) signal which can be used as a contrast mechanism for PA imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus F Thümmler
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, Halle D-06120, Germany.
| | - Ramesh Maragani
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, Halle D-06120, Germany.
| | - Franz-Josef Schmitt
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, Halle D-06120, Germany
| | - Guo Tang
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, Halle D-06120, Germany
| | - Samira Mahmoudi Rahmanlou
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, Halle D-06120, Germany
| | - Jan Laufer
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, Halle D-06120, Germany
| | - Henrike Lucas
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, Halle D-06120, Germany
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, Halle D-06120, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Binder
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, Halle D-06120, Germany.
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7
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Maag PH, Feist F, Frisch H, Roesky PW, Barner-Kowollik C. Fluorescent and Catalytically Active Single Chain Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick H. Maag
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrase 15, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Florian Feist
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrase 15, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
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8
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Huang R, Hirschbiegel CM, Zhang X, Gupta A, Fedeli S, Xu Y, Rotello VM. Engineered Polymer-Supported Biorthogonal Nanocatalysts Using Flash Nanoprecipitation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:31594-31600. [PMID: 35802797 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal catalysts (TMCs) effect bioorthogonal transformations that enable the generation of therapeutic agents in situ, minimizing off-target effects. The encapsulation of insoluble TMCs into polymeric nanoparticles to generate "polyzymes" has vastly expanded their applicability in biological environments by enhancing catalyst solubility and stability. However, commonly used precipitation approaches provide limited encapsulation efficiency in polyzyme fabrication and result in a low catalytic activity. Herein, we report the creation of polyzymes with increased catalyst loading and optimized turnover efficiency using flash nanoprecipitation (FNP). Polyzymes with controlled size and catalyst loading were fabricated by tuning the process conditions of FNP. The biological applicability of polyzymes was demonstrated by efficiently transforming a non-toxic prodrug into the active drug within cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Cristina-Maria Hirschbiegel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Xianzhi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Aarohi Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Stefano Fedeli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Yisheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
| | - Vincent M Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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