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Yang G, Zhao WX, Cao JY, Xue ZM, Lin HT, Chen SH, Yamato T, Redshaw C, Wang CZ. Regulable high-contrast mechanofluorochromic enhancement behaviour based on substituent effects. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3966-3969. [PMID: 38501379 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00476k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a facile strategy was established to build mechanoresponsive luminogens with high sensitivity to substituents and positional effects. Even in slightly different structures, distinct optical phenomena, including fluorescence efficiency and mechano-responsive properties, were clearly present. Outstanding mechanical-induced emission enhancement (5-100 times) properties and reversibility makes for promising applications in pressure sensors and OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Wen-Xuan Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Jing-Yi Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Zeng-Min Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Hong-Tao Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Shu-Hai Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Takehiko Yamato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjo-machi 1, Saga 840-8502, Japan.
| | - Carl Redshaw
- Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, Yorkshire HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Chuan-Zeng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
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2
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Guo W, Wang M, Si L, Wang Y, Xia G, Wang H. Precise peripheral design enables propeller-like squaraine dye with highly sensitive and wide-range piezochromism. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6348-6354. [PMID: 37325135 PMCID: PMC10266472 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01730c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Piezochromic fluorescent (PCF) materials that feature high sensitivity and wide-range switching are attractive in intelligent optoelectronic applications but their fabrication remains a significant challenge. Here we present a propeller-like squaraine dye SQ-NMe2 decorated with four peripheral dimethylamines acting as electron donors and spatial obstacles. This precise peripheral design is expected to loosen the molecular packing pattern and facilitate more substantial intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) switching caused by conformational planarization under mechanical stimuli. As such, the pristine SQ-NMe2 microcrystal exhibits significant fluorescence changes from yellow (λem = 554 nm) to orange (λem = 590 nm) upon slight mechanical grinding and further to deep red (λem = 648 nm) upon heavy mechanical grinding. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction structural analysis of two SQ-NMe2 polymorphs provides direct evidence to illustrate the design concept of such a piezochromic molecule. The piezochromic behavior of SQ-NMe2 microcrystals is sensitive, high-contrast, and easily reversible, enabling cryptographic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihan Guo
- Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Mingda Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Leilei Si
- Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Yigang Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Guomin Xia
- Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Hongming Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 China
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3
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Chen Z, Qin H, Yin Y, Deng DD, Qin SY, Li N, Wang K, Sun Y. Full-Color Emissive D-D-A Carbazole Luminophores: Red-to-NIR Mechano-fluorochromism, Aggregation-Induced Near-Infrared Emission, and Application in Photodynamic Therapy. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203797. [PMID: 36545826 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of multifunctionalized luminophores with full-color emission based on an identical core skeleton is a significative but challenging research topic. In this work, eight donor-donor-acceptor (D-D-A)-type luminogens based on a central carbazole core bearing a C6 hydrocarbon chain were designed by using different kinds of donor and acceptor units on the left and right, and synthesized in good yields. These D-D-A carbazole derivatives display deep-blue, sky-blue, cyan, green, yellow-green, yellow, orange and red fluorescence in the solid state, achieving full-color emission covering the whole visible light range under UV light illumination. Notably, the dicyano-functionalized triphenylamine-containing carbazole derivative exhibits rare aggregation-induced near-infrared emission and red-to-near-infrared mechano-fluorochromism with high contrast beyond 100 nm. Furthermore, the red-emissive luminogen can serve as a potential candidate for cell imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT). This work not only provides reference for the construction of full-color emissive systems but also opens a new avenue to the preparation of multifunctionalized luminophores capable of simultaneous application in near-Infrared mechanical-force sensors and PDT fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Huan Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Ya Yin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Dian-Dian Deng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Si-Yong Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membrane and Membrane Process, School of Chemistry, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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4
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Gu J, Li Z, Li Q. From single molecule to molecular aggregation science. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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5
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Chen Z, Deng XW, Wang XY, Wang AQ, Luo WT. Carbazole-based aggregation-induced phosphorescent emission-active gold(I) complexes with various phosphorescent mechanochromisms. Front Chem 2022; 10:1083757. [DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1083757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of carbazole-containing gold(I) complexes modified with different substituents were successfully designed and synthesized, and their molecular structures were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The aggregation-induced behaviors of these gold(I) complexes were studied by ultraviolet/visible and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Meanwhile, their mechanical force-responsive emissive properties were also investigated via solid-state photoluminescence spectroscopy. Interestingly, all these gold(I)-based luminogenic molecules were capable of exhibiting aggregation-induced phosphorescent emission phenomena. Furthermore, their solids of three gold(I) complexes displayed contrasting mechano-responsive phosphorescence features. More specifically, trifluoromethyl or methoxyl-substituted luminophores 1 and 3 demonstrated mechanochromic behaviors involving blue-shifted phosphorescence changes, and their mechanoluminochromic phenomena were reversible. However, the solid-state phosphorescence of phenyl-substituted luminophor 2 was not sensitive to external mechanical force.
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Takemura K, Imato K, Ooyama Y. Mechanofluorochromism of (D-π-) 2A-type azine-based fluorescent dyes. RSC Adv 2022; 12:13797-13809. [PMID: 35558838 PMCID: PMC9089242 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02431d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bathochromic or hypsochromic shift-type mechanofluorochromism (b-MFC or h-MFC) was found for (D–π–)2A-type azine-based fluorescent dyes OUY-2, OUK-2, and OUJ-2 possessing intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) characteristics from two (diphenylamino)carbazole–thiophene units as D (electron-donating group)–π (π-conjugated bridge) moieties to a pyridine, pyrazine, or triazine ring as A (electron-withdrawing group): grinding of the recrystallized dyes induced red or blue shifts of the fluorescent colors, that is, bathochromic or hypsochromic shifts of the fluorescence maximum wavelengths (λfl-solidmax). The degrees of MFC evaluated by the absolute value of differences (Δλfl-solidmax) in λfl-solidmax before and after grinding of the recrystallized dyes increased in the order of OUY-2 (+7 nm) < OUK-2 (−17 nm) < OUJ-2 (+45 nm), so that OUJ-2 exhibits obvious b-MFC, but OUK-2 exhibits h-MFC. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrated that the recrystallized dyes were in the crystalline state but the ground dyes were in the amorphous state. When the ground solids were heated above their crystallization temperatures (Tc), the colors and fluorescent colors recovered to the original ones before grinding or converted to other ones, that is, heating the ground solids in the amorphous state induced the recrystallization to recover the original microcrystals or to form other microcrystals due to polymorph transformation. However, (D–π–)2Ph-type fluorescent dye OTK-2 having a phenyl group as a substitute for the azine rings exhibited non-obvious MFC. Molecular orbital (MO) calculations indicated that the values of the dipole moments (μg) in the ground state were 4.0 debye, 1.4 debye, 3.2 debye, and 2.9 debye for OTK-2, OUY-2, OUK-2, and OUJ-2, respectively. Consequently, on the basis of experimental results and MO calculations, we have demonstrated that the MFC of the (D–π–)2A-type azine-based fluorescent dyes is attributed to reversible switching between the crystalline state of the recrystallized dyes and the amorphous state of the ground dyes with changes in the intermolecular dipole–dipole and π–π interactions before and after grinding. Moreover, this work reveals that (D–π–)2A fluorescent dyes possessing dipole moments of ca. 3 debye as well as moderate or intense ICT characteristics make it possible to activate the MFC. Bathochromic or hypsochromic shift-type mechanofluorochromism (b-MFC of h-MFC) was found for (D–π–)2A-type azine-based fluorescent dyes: grinding of the recrystallized dyes induced bathochromic or hypsochromic shifts of the fluorescence bands.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Takemura
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University 1-4-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527 Japan
| | - Keiichi Imato
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University 1-4-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527 Japan
| | - Yousuke Ooyama
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University 1-4-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527 Japan
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Nishimoto E, Mise Y, Fumoto T, Miho S, Tsunoji N, Imato K, Ooyama Y. Tetraphenylethene–anthracene-based fluorescence emission sensor for detection of water with photo-induced electron transfer and aggregation-induced emission characteristics. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01599d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As a fluorescent sensor for water over a wide range from low to high water content regions in organic solvents, we have designed and developed a PET (photo-induced electron transfer)/AIE...
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