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Karapanou MI, Malliotaki D, Stratakis M. Au nanoparticle-catalyzed double hydrosilylation of nitriles by diethylsilane. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5346-5352. [PMID: 38861320 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00534a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
We present the first example of Au-catalyzed reduction of nitriles into primary amines. In contrast to monohydrosilanes which are completely unreactive, diethylsilane (a dihydrosilane) is capable of reducing aryl or alkyl nitriles into primary amines under catalysis by Au nanoparticles supported on TiO2, via a smooth double hydrosilylation pathway. The produced labile N-disilylamines are readily deprotected by HCl in Et2O to form the hydrochloric salts of the corresponding amines in very good to excellent yields. The catalyst is recyclable and reusable at least in 5 consecutive runs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitra Malliotaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Manolis Stratakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003, Heraklion, Greece.
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2
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Hood T, Lau S, Diefenbach M, Firmstone L, Mahon M, Krewald V, Webster RL. The Complex Reactivity of [(salen)Fe] 2(μ-O) with HBpin and Its Implications in Catalysis. ACS Catal 2023; 13:11841-11850. [PMID: 37671182 PMCID: PMC10476159 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c02898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a detailed study into the method of precatalyst activation during alkyne cyclotrimerization. During these studies we have prepared a homologous series of Fe(III)-μ-oxo(salen) complexes and use a range of techniques including UV-vis, reaction monitoring studies, single crystal X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy, and LIFDI mass spectrometry to provide experimental evidence for the nature of the on-cycle iron catalyst. These data infer the likelihood of ligand reduction, generating an iron(salan)-boryl complex as a key on-cycle intermediate. We use DFT studies to interrogate spin states, connecting this to experimentally identified diamagnetic and paramagnetic species. The extreme conformational flexibility of the salan system appears connected to challenges associated with crystallization of likely on-cycle species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
M. Hood
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom BA2 7AY
| | - Samantha Lau
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom BA2 7AY
| | - Martin Diefenbach
- Department
of Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Leah Firmstone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom BA2 7AY
| | - Mary Mahon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom BA2 7AY
| | - Vera Krewald
- Department
of Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ruth L. Webster
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom BA2 7AY
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3
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Gautam N, Logdi R, P S, Roy A, Tiwari AK, Mandal SK. Bicyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (BICAAC) in a dual role: activation of primary amides and CO 2 towards catalytic N-methylation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5079-5086. [PMID: 37206403 PMCID: PMC10189868 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01216f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the first catalytic methylation of primary amides using CO2 as a C1 source. A bicyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (BICAAC) exhibits dual role by activating both primary amide and CO2 to carry out this catalytic transformation which enables the formation of a new C-N bond in the presence of pinacolborane. This protocol was applicable to a wide range of substrate scopes, including aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic amides. We successfully used this procedure in the diversification of drug and bioactive molecules. Moreover, this method was explored for isotope labelling using 13CO2 for a few biologically important molecules. A detailed study of the mechanism was carried out with the help of spectroscopic studies and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Gautam
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus Nadia 741246 West Bengal India
| | - Ratan Logdi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus Nadia 741246 West Bengal India
| | - Sreejyothi P
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus Nadia 741246 West Bengal India
| | - Antara Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721302 West Bengal India
| | - Ashwani K Tiwari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus Nadia 741246 West Bengal India
| | - Swadhin K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur Campus Nadia 741246 West Bengal India
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4
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Ataie S, Baker RT. Comparing B-H Bond Activation in Ni IIX(NNN)-Catalyzed Nitrile Dihydroboration (X = Anionic N-, C-, O-, S-, or P-donor). Inorg Chem 2022; 61:19998-20007. [PMID: 36455067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
One of the key steps in many metal complex-catalyzed hydroboration reactions is B-H bond activation, which results in metal hydride formation. Anionic ligands that include multiple lone pairs of electrons, in cooperation with a metal center, have notable potential in redox-neutral B-H bond activation through metal-ligand cooperation. Herein, using an easily prepared NpyridineNimineNpyrrolide ligand (L2)-, a series of divalent NiIIX(NNN) complexes were synthesized, with X = bromide (2), phenoxide (3), thiophenoxide (4), 2,5-dimethylpyrrolide (5), diphenylphosphide (6), and phenyl (7). The complexes were characterized using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography and employed as precatalysts for nitrile dihydroboration. Superior activity of the phenoxy derivative (3) [vs thiophenoxy (4) or phenyl (7)] suggests that B-H bond activation occurs at the Ni-X (vs ligand Ni-Npyrrolide) bond. Furthermore, stoichiometric treatment of 2-7 with a nitrile showed no reaction, whereas stoichiometric reactions of 2-7 with pinacolborane (HBpin) gave the same Ni-H complex for 2, 3, and 5. Considering that only 2, 3, and 5 successfully catalyzed nitrile dihydroboration, we suggest that the catalytic cycle involves a conventional inner sphere pathway initiated by substrate insertion into Ni-H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ataie
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - R Tom Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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5
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Meger F, Kwok ACW, Gilch F, Willcox DR, Hendy AJ, Nicholson K, Bage AD, Langer T, Hunt TA, Thomas SP. B–N/ B–H Transborylation: borane-catalysed nitrile hydroboration. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1332-1337. [PMID: 36247978 PMCID: PMC9531558 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduction of nitriles to primary amines is a useful transformation in organic synthesis, however, it often relies upon stoichiometric reagents or transition-metal catalysis. Herein, a borane-catalysed hydroboration of nitriles to give primary amines is reported. Good yields (48–95%) and chemoselectivity (e.g., ester, nitro, sulfone) were observed. DFT calculations and mechanistic studies support the proposal of a double B–N/B–H transborylation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Meger
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander C W Kwok
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Franziska Gilch
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic R Willcox
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Alex J Hendy
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran Nicholson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Bage
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Langer
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Chemical Development U.K., AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Hunt
- Medicinal Chemistry, Early Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P Thomas
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
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6
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Kim H, Lee E. Ambiphilic singlet carbenes: Electron donors and acceptors. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunho Kim
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Republic of Korea
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7
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Pradhan S, Sankar RV, Gunanathan C. A Boron-Nitrogen Double Transborylation Strategy for Borane-Catalyzed Hydroboration of Nitriles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12386-12396. [PMID: 36045008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Organoborane-catalyzed hydroboration of nitriles provides N,N-diborylamines, which act as efficient synthons for the synthesis of primary amines and secondary amides. Known nitrile hydroboration methods are dominated by metal catalysis. Simple and metal-free hydroboration of nitriles using diborane [H-B-9-BBN]2 as a catalyst and pinacolborane as a turnover reagent is reported. The reaction of monomeric H-B-9-BBN with nitriles leads to the hydrido-bridged diborylimine intermediate; a subsequent sequential double hydroboration-transborylation pathway involving B-N/B-H σ bond metathesis is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Pradhan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
| | - Raman Vijaya Sankar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
| | - Chidambaram Gunanathan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
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8
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Sieland B, Hoppe A, Stepen A, Paradies J. Frustrated Lewis pair‐catalyzed hydroboration of nitriles: FLP versus borenium catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Axel Hoppe
- Paderborn University Faculty of Science GERMANY
| | - Arne Stepen
- Paderborn University Faculty of Science GERMANY
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9
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Kundu G, Dixit R, Tothadi S, Vanka K, Sen SS. Versatile chemistry of six-membered NHC with boranes: bromination at sp3 borane, activation of B–H bond of HBpin, and ring expansion of NHC. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:14452-14457. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01707e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The NHC•borane chemistry has been majorly restricted to imidazol-2-ylidene classes of carbenes. In our previous communication, we have reported the synthesis of 6-SIDipp•BH3 [6-SIDipp = 1,3-di(2,6-diisopropylphenyl) tetrahydropyrimidine-2-ylidene] and its electrophilic...
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