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Gass DT, Quintero AV, Hatvany JB, Gallagher ES. Metal adduction in mass spectrometric analyses of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:615-659. [PMID: 36005212 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycans, carbohydrates, and glycoconjugates are involved in many crucial biological processes, such as disease development, immune responses, and cell-cell recognition. Glycans and carbohydrates are known for the large number of isomeric features associated with their structures, making analysis challenging compared with other biomolecules. Mass spectrometry has become the primary method of structural characterization for carbohydrates, glycans, and glycoconjugates. Metal adduction is especially important for the mass spectrometric analysis of carbohydrates and glycans. Metal-ion adduction to carbohydrates and glycoconjugates affects ion formation and the three-dimensional, gas-phase structures. Herein, we discuss how metal-ion adduction impacts ionization, ion mobility, ion activation and dissociation, and hydrogen/deuterium exchange for carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. We also compare the use of different metals for these various techniques and highlight the value in using metals as charge carriers for these analyses. Finally, we provide recommendations for selecting a metal for analysis of carbohydrate adducts and describe areas for continued research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren T Gass
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Ana V Quintero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Jacob B Hatvany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Elyssia S Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
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2
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2021-2022. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024. [PMID: 38925550 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates is a well-established technique and this review is the 12th update of the original article published in 1999 and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2022. As with previous review, this review also includes a few papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. The review follows the same format as previous reviews. It is divided into three sections: (1) general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, quantification and the use of computer software for structural identification. (2) Applications to various structural types such as oligo- and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals, and (3) other general areas such as medicine, industrial processes, natural products and glycan synthesis where MALDI is extensively used. Much of the material relating to applications is presented in tabular form. MALDI is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis, particularly in its ability to produce single ions from each analyte and advancements in the technique and range of applications show little sign of diminishing.
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3
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Lee J, Ahn Y, Kim M, Seo J. Isomerism of Cyclodextrin Tetramer Induced by Alkali Halide Cluster Ions Observed by Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:622-630. [PMID: 38330264 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) exhibit versatile self-assembly properties due to their hydrophilic and hydrophobic components, with applications such as drug delivery and selective binding. While research on CD self-assembly is extensive, limited studies have explored their aggregation behavior, particularly in interactions with small ionic guests. The present work investigates the structure of β-CD tetramers aggregated with alkali metal chloride clusters using ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS). The results revealed that diverse structures emerge in the tetramer depending on the alkali metal cluster size. Notably, the doubly charged tetramer exhibits distinct aggregation trends with specific numbers of MCl clusters for Na+ and K+ ions. After initially adopting a bucket-wheel structure with two internal cations, the structure transforms into a new isomer with a tetrahedral configuration upon cluster addition. The formation of the new isomer structure is closely linked to filling the cavity volume with MCl clusters and ionic interactions, which possibly compensate for the weakened hydrogen bonds between CDs. Theoretical calculations further support the structures, showing well-matched collision cross-section (CCS) values compared with the experimental CCS values. This study highlights the role of alkali metal chloride clusters as potential templates, leading to the formation of novel CD assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunyoung Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongcheol Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-do 37673, Republic of Korea
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4
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Gass DT, Cordes MS, Alberti SN, Kim HJ, Gallagher ES. Evidence of H/D Exchange within Metal-Adducted Carbohydrates after Ion/Ion-Dissociation Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23972-23985. [PMID: 37874934 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) using fragmentation has become one of the most effective methods for gaining sequence and structural information on biomolecules. Ion/ion reactions are competitive reactions, where either proton transfer (PT) or electron transfer (ET) can occur from interactions between multiply charged cations and singly charged anions. Utilizing ion/ion reactions with fluoranthene has offered a unique method of fragment formation for the structural elucidation of biomolecules. Fluoranthene is considered an ideal anion reagent because it selectively causes electron-transfer dissociation (ETD) and minimizes PT when interacting with peptides. However, limited investigations have sought to understand how fluoranthene─the primary, commercially available anion reagent─interacts with other biomolecules. Here, we apply deuterium labeling to investigate ion/ion reaction mechanisms between fluoranthene and divalent, metal-adducted carbohydrates (Ca2+, Mg2+, Co2+, and Ni2+). Deuterium labeling of carbohydrates allowed us to observe evidence of hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) occurring after ion/ion dissociation reactions. The extent of deuterium loss is dependent on several factors, including the physical properties of the metal ion and the fragment structure. Based on the deuterium labeling data, we have proposed ETD, PTD, and intermolecular PT─also described as HDX─mechanisms. This research provides a fundamental perspective of ion/ion and ion/molecule reaction mechanisms and illustrates properties that impact ion/ion and ion/molecule reactions for carbohydrates. Together, this could improve the capability to distinguish complex and heterogeneous biomolecules, such as carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren T Gass
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Michael S Cordes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Sebastian N Alberti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - H Jamie Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Elyssia S Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
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5
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Chakraborty P, Neumaier M, Weis P, Kappes MM. Exploring Isomerism in Isolated Cyclodextrin Oligomers through Trapped Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:676-684. [PMID: 36952473 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin (CD) macrocycles are used to create a wide range of supramolecular architectures which are also of interest in applications such as selective gas adsorption, drug delivery, and catalysis. However, predicting their assemblies and identifying the possible isomers in CD oligomers have always remained challenging due to their dynamic nature. Herein, we interacted CDs (α, β, and γ) with a divalent metal ion, Cu2+, to create a series of Cu2+-linked CD oligomers, from dimers to pentamers. We characterized these oligomers using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and probed isomerism in each of these isolated oligomers using high resolution trapped ion mobility spectrometry. Using this technique, we separated multiple isomers for each of the Cu2+-interlinked CD oligomers and estimated their relative population, which was not accessible previously using other characterization techniques. We further carried out structural analysis of the observed isomers by comparing the experimental collision cross sections (CCSs) to that of modeled structures. We infer that the isomeric heterogeneity reflects size-specific packing patterns of individual CDs (e.g., close-packed/linear). In some cases, we also reveal the existence of kinetically trapped structures in the gas phase and study their transformation to thermodynamically controlled forms by examining the influence of activation of the ions on isomer interconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Papri Chakraborty
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marco Neumaier
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Patrick Weis
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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6
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Mass Spectrometry of Esterified Cyclodextrins. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052001. [PMID: 36903247 PMCID: PMC10003902 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides that have received special attention due to their cavity-based structural architecture that imbues them with outstanding properties, primarily related to their capacity to host various guest molecules, from low-molecular-mass compounds to polymers. Cyclodextrin derivatization has been always accompanied by the development of characterization methods, able to unfold complicated structures with increasing precision. One of the important leaps forward is represented by mass spectrometry techniques with soft ionization, mainly matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI). In this context, esterified cyclodextrins (ECDs) benefited also from the formidable input of structural knowledge, thus allowing the understanding of the structural impact of reaction parameters on the obtained products, especially for the ring-opening oligomerization of cyclic esters. The current review envisages the common mass spectrometry approaches such as direct MALDI MS or ESI MS analysis, hyphenated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and tandem mass spectrometry, employed for unraveling the structural features and particular processes associated with ECDs. Thus, the accurate description of complex architectures, advances in the gas phase fragmentation processes, assessment of secondary reactions, and reaction kinetics are discussed in addition to typical molecular mass measurements.
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7
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Nguan HS, Ni CK. Collision-Induced Dissociation of α-Isomaltose and α-Maltose. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8799-8808. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hock-Seng Nguan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kung Ni
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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8
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Rabus JM, Guan S, Schultz LM, Abutokaikah MT, Maître P, Bythell BJ. Protonated α- N-Acetyl Galactose Glycopeptide Dissociation Chemistry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1745-1752. [PMID: 36018613 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We recently provided mass spectrometric, H/D labeling, and computational evidence of pyranose to furanose N-acetylated ion isomerization reactions that occurred prior to glycosidic bond cleavage in both O- and N-linked glycosylated amino acid model systems (Guan et al. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2021, 23, 23256-23266). These reactions occurred irrespective of the glycosidic linkage stereochemistry (α or β) and the N-acetylated hexose structure (GlcNAc or GalNAc). In the present article, we test the generality of the preceding findings by examining threonyl α-GalNAc-glycosylated peptides. We utilize computational chemistry to compare the various dissociation and isomerization pathways accessible with collisional activation. We then interrogate the structure(s) of the resulting charged glycan and peptide fragments with infrared "action" spectroscopy. Isomerization of the original pyranose, the protonated glycopeptide [AT(GalNAc)A+H]+, is predicted to be facile compared to direct dissociation, as is the glycosidic bond cleavage of the newly formed furanose form, i.e., furanose oxazolinium ion structures are predicted to predominate. IR action spectra for the m/z 204, C8H14N1O5+, glycan fragment population support this prediction. The IR action spectra of the complementary m/z 262 peptide fragment were assigned as a mixture of the lowest-energy structures of [ATA+H]+ consistent with the literature. If general, the change to a furanose m/z 204 product ion structure fundamentally alters the ion population available for MS3 dissociation and glycopeptide sequence identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Rabus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, 307 Chemistry Building, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Shanshan Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, 307 Chemistry Building, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Lauren M Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, 307 Chemistry Building, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Maha T Abutokaikah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Philippe Maître
- Institut de Chimie Physique, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Benjamin J Bythell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, 307 Chemistry Building, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
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9
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Huynh HT, Tsai ST, Hsu PJ, Biswas A, Phan HT, Kuo JL, Ni CK, Chiu CC. Collision-induced dissociation of Na +-tagged ketohexoses: experimental and computational studies on fructose. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:20856-20866. [PMID: 36043336 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02313j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID-MSn) and computational investigation at the MP2/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory have been employed to study Na+-tagged fructose, an example of a ketohexose featuring four cyclic isomers: α-fructofuranose (αFruf), β-fructofuranose (βFruf), α-fructopyranose (αFrup), and β-fructopyranose (βFrup). The four isomers can be separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and they show different mass spectra, indicating that CID-MSn can distinguish the different fructose forms. Based on a simulation using a micro-kinetic model, we have obtained an overview of the mechanisms for the different dissociation pathways. It has been demonstrated that the preference for the C-C cleavage over the competing isomerization of linear fructose is the main reason for the previously reported differences between the CID-MS spectra of aldohexoses and ketohexoses. In addition, the kinetic modeling helped to confirm the assignment of the different measured mass spectra to the different fructose isomers. The previously reported assignment based on the peak intensities in the HPLC chromatogram had left some open questions as the preference for the dehydration channels did not always follow trends previously observed for aldohexoses. Setting up the kinetic model further enabled us to directly compare the computational and experimental results, which indicated that the model can reproduce most trends in the differences between the dissociation pathways of the four cyclic fructose isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Thi Huynh
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,Molecular Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Ting Tsai
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jen Hsu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Anik Biswas
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Huu Trong Phan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,Molecular Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Lai Kuo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,Molecular Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology (NTU-MST), National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kung Ni
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,Molecular Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chau Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan. .,Center for Theoretical and Computational Physics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
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10
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Reviriot Y, Michelet B, Beaud R, Martin‐Mingot A, Guégan F, Thibaudeau S, Rodriguez J, Bonne D. Hidden Heptacyclic Chiral
N
‐Acyl Iminium Ions: A New Entry to Enantioenriched Polycyclic Azepanes and Azocanes by Superacid‐Promoted Intramolecular Pictet‐Spengler Reaction. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200432. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Reviriot
- Aix Marseille Université CNRS, Centrale Marseille iSm2 Marseille Marseille France
| | - Bastien Michelet
- Université de Poitiers UMR-CNRS 7285 IC2MP 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
| | - Rodolphe Beaud
- Aix Marseille Université CNRS, Centrale Marseille iSm2 Marseille Marseille France
| | - Agnès Martin‐Mingot
- Université de Poitiers UMR-CNRS 7285 IC2MP 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
| | - Frédéric Guégan
- Université de Poitiers UMR-CNRS 7285 IC2MP 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
| | - Sébastien Thibaudeau
- Université de Poitiers UMR-CNRS 7285 IC2MP 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9 France
| | - Jean Rodriguez
- Aix Marseille Université CNRS, Centrale Marseille iSm2 Marseille Marseille France
| | - Damien Bonne
- Aix Marseille Université CNRS, Centrale Marseille iSm2 Marseille Marseille France
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11
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Cyclodextrin-Oligocaprolactone Derivatives—Synthesis and Advanced Structural Characterization by MALDI Mass Spectrometry. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071436. [PMID: 35406308 PMCID: PMC9003485 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins have previously been proven to be active in the catalysis of cyclic ester ring-opening reactions, hypothetically in a similar way to lipase-catalyzed reactions. However, the way they act remains unclear. Here, we focus on β-cyclodextrin’s involvement in the synthesis and characterization of β-cyclodextrin-oligocaprolactone (CDCL) products obtained via the organo-catalyzed ring-opening of ε-caprolactone. Previously, bulk or supercritical carbon dioxide polymerizations has led to inhomogeneous products. Our approach consists of solution polymerization (dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethylformamide) to obtain homogeneous CDCL derivatives with four monomer units on average. Oligomerization kinetics, performed by a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) optimized method in tandem with 1H NMR, revealed that monomer conversion occurs in two stages: first, the monomer is rapidly attached to the secondary OH groups of β-cyclodextrin and, secondly, the monomer conversion is slower with attachment to the primary OH groups. MALDI MS was further employed for the measurement of the ring-opening kinetics to establish the influence of the solvents as well as the effect of organocatalysts (4-dimethylaminopyridine and (–)-sparteine). Additionally, the mass spectrometry structural evaluation was further enhanced by fragmentation studies which confirmed the attachment of oligoesters to the cyclodextrin and the cleavage of dimethylformamide amide bonds during the ring-opening process.
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12
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Physicochemical characterization and in vitro evaluation of mesalazine/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex loaded into chitosan nanoparticles. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Greis K, Kirschbaum C, von Helden G, Pagel K. Gas-phase infrared spectroscopy of glycans and glycoconjugates. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 72:194-202. [PMID: 34952241 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycans are intrinsically complex biomolecules that pose particular analytical challenges. Standard workflows for glycan analysis are based on mass spectrometry, often coupled with separation techniques such as liquid chromatography and ion mobility spectrometry. However, this approach does not yield direct structural information and cannot always distinguish between isomers. This gap might be filled in the future by gas-phase infrared spectroscopy, which has emerged as a promising structure-sensitive technique for glycan fingerprinting. This review highlights recent applications of gas-phase infrared spectroscopy for the analysis of synthetic and biological glycans and how they can be integrated into mass spectrometry-based workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Greis
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany; Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carla Kirschbaum
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany; Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gert von Helden
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany; Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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14
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Guan S, Bythell BJ. Evidence of gas-phase pyranose-to-furanose isomerization in protonated peptidoglycans. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:23256-23266. [PMID: 34632474 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03842g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycans are diverse co- and post-translational modifications of key importance in myriad biological processes. Mass spectrometry is employed to infer their biomolecular sequences and stereochemisties, but little is known about the critical gas-phase dissociation processes involved. Here, using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS and MSn), isotopic labelling and high-level simulations, we identify and characterize a facile isomerization reaction that produces furanose N-acetylated ions. This reaction occurs for both O- and N-linked peptidoglycans irrespective of glycosidic linkage stereochemistry (α/β). Dissociation of the glycosidic and other bonds thus occur from the furanose isomer critically altering the reaction feasibility and product ion structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, 307 The Chemistry Building, Athens, OH 45701, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 1 University Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA.
| | - Benjamin J Bythell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, 307 The Chemistry Building, Athens, OH 45701, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 1 University Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA.
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15
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Blaj DA, Balan-Porcarasu M, Petre BA, Harabagiu V, Peptu C. MALDI mass spectrometry monitoring of cyclodextrin-oligolactide derivatives synthesis. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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