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Wang Q, Wan S, Zhou J, Fu H, Chen X. Formation and Structure of Gas-Phase Lanthanide(III) Cyanobenzyne Complex (η 2-4-CNC 6H 3)LnCl 2-, Obtained via Both the Single- and Dual-Ligand Strategies. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:767-774. [PMID: 38431873 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The lanthanide(III) cyanobenzyne complexes (η2-4-CNC6H3)LnCl2- (Ln = La-Lu except Eu; Pm was not examined) were generated in the gas phase using an electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled with collision-induced dissociation (CID) technique. For all lanthanides except Sm, Eu, and Yb, (4-CNC6H3)LnCl2- can be generated either via a single-ligand strategy through consecutive CO2 and HCl losses of (4-CNC6H4CO2)LnCl3- or via a dual-ligand strategy through successive CO2/C6H5CN or 4-CNC6H4CO2H and CO2 losses of (4-CNC6H4CO2)2LnCl2-. For Sm and Yb, although only reduction products LnCl3- were formed upon CID of (4-CNC6H4CO2)LnCl3-, (4-CNC6H3)LnCl2- were obtained via the dual-ligand strategy without the appearances of other products. CID of (4-CNC6H4CO2)EuCl3- and (4-CNC6H4CO2)2EuCl2- gave EuCl3- and the cyanophenyl complex (4-CNC6H4)EuCl2-, respectively, in both of which the +III oxidation state of Eu was reduced to +II. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that (4-CNC6H3)LnCl2- are formally described as Ln(III) cyanobenzyne complexes, (η2-4-CNC6H3)LnCl2-, with the dianionic cyanobenzyne ligand (4-CNC6H32-) coordinating to the Ln(III) centers through two Ln-C σ bonds, which is in accordance with their reactivities toward water. Benzyne and substituted benzyne complexes (XC6H3)LuCl2- (X = H, 3-CN, 4-F, 4-Cl, and 4-CH3) were also synthesized in the gas phase via the single- and dual-ligand strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Songpeng Wan
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinhao Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Haiying Fu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Xiuting Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
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Terhorst J, Lenze S, Metzler L, Fry AN, Ihabi A, Corcovilos TA, van Stipdonk MJ. Gas-phase synthesis of [OU-X] + (X = Cl, Br and I) from a UO 22+ precursor using ion-molecule reactions and an [OUCH] + intermediate. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:5478-5483. [PMID: 38414425 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02811a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Difficulty in the preparation of gas-phase ions that include U in middle oxidation states(III,IV) have hampered efforts to investigate intrinsic structure, bonding and reactivity of model species. Our group has used preparative tandem mass spectrometry (PTMS) to synthesize a gas-phase U-methylidyne species, [OUCH]+, by elimination of CO from [UO2(CCH)]+ [M. J. van Stipdonk, I. J. Tatosian, A. C. Iacovino, A. R. Bubas, L. Metzler, M. C. Sherman and A. Somogyi, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom., 2019, 30, 796-805], which has been used as an intermediate to create products such as [OUN]+ and [OUS]+ by ion-molecule reactions. Here, we investigated the reactions of [OUCH]+ with a range of alkyl halides to determine whether the methylidyne is a also a useful intermediate for production and study of the oxy-halide ions [OUX]+, where X = Cl, Br and I, formally U(IV) species for which intrinsic reactivity data is relatively scarce. Our experiments demonstrate that [OUX]+ is the dominant product ion generated by reaction [OUCH]+ with neutral regents such as CH3Cl, CH3CH2Br and CH2CHCH2I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Terhorst
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | - Samuel Lenze
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | - Luke Metzler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | - Allison N Fry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | - Amina Ihabi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
| | | | - Michael J van Stipdonk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
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Shafi Z, Gibson JK. Organolanthanide Complexes Containing Ln-CH 3 σ-bonds: Unexpectedly Similar Hydrolysis Rates for Trivalent and Tetravalent Organocerium. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:18399-18413. [PMID: 37910232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the gas-phase preparation, isolation, and reactivity of a series of organolanthanides featuring the Ln-CH3 bond. The complexes are formed by decarboxylating anionic lanthanide acetates to form trivalent [LnIII(CH3)(CH3CO2)3]- (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Tb, Tm, Yb, Lu), divalent [EuII(CH3)(CH3CO2)2]-, and the first examples of tetravalent organocerium complexes featuring CeIV-Calkyl σ-bonds: [CeIV(O)(CH3)(CH3CO2)2]- and [CeIV(O)(CH3)(NO3)2]-. Attempts to isolate PrIV-CH3 and TbIV-CH3 were unsuccessful; however, fragmentation patterns reveal that the oxidation of LnIII to a LnIV-oxo-acetate complex is more favorable for Ln = Pr than for Ln = Tb. The rate of Ln-CH3 hydrolysis is a measure of bond stability, and it decreases from LaIII-CH3 to LuIII-CH3, with increasing steric crowding for smaller Ln stabilizing the harder Ln-CH3 bond against hydrolysis. [EuII(CH3)(CH3CO2)2]- engages in a much faster hydrolysis versus LnIII-CH3. The surprising observation of similar hydrolysis rates for CeIV-CH3 and CeIII-CH3 is discussed with respect to sterics, the oxo ligand, and bond covalency in σ-bonded organolanthanides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Shafi
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John K Gibson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Yang M, Xiong Z, Li Y, Chen X, Zhou W. Gas-phase formation of Grignard-type organolanthanide (III) ions RLnCl 3 - : The influences of lanthanide center and hydrocarbyl group. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9512. [PMID: 36972406 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Compared with organomagnesium compounds (Grignard reagents), the Grignard-type organolanthanides (III) exhibit several utilizable differences in reactivity. However, the fundamental understanding of Grignard-type organolanthanides (III) is still in its infancy. Decarboxylation of metal carboxylate ions is an effective method to obtain organometallic ions that are well suited for gas-phase investigation using electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry in combination with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. METHODS The (RCO2 )LnCl3 - (R = CH3 , Ln = La-Lu except Pm; Ln = La, R = CH3 CH2 , CH2 CH, HCC, C6 H5 , and C6 H11 ) precursor ions were produced in the gas phase via ESI of LnCl3 and RCO2 H or RCO2 Na mixtures in methanol. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) was employed to examine whether the Grignard-type organolanthanide (III) ions RLnCl3 - can be obtained via decarboxylation of lanthanide chloride carboxylate ions (RCO2 )LnCl3 - . DFT calculations can be used to determine the influences of lanthanide center and hydrocarbyl group on the formation of RLnCl3 - . RESULTS When R = CH3 , CID of (CH3 CO2 )LnCl3 - (Ln = La-Lu except Pm) yielded decarboxylation products (CH3 )LnCl3 - and reduction products LnCl3 ·- with a variation in the relative intensity ratio of (CH3 )LnCl3 - /LnCl3 ·- . The trend is as follows: (CH3 )EuCl3 - /EuCl3 ·- < (CH3 )YbCl3 - /YbCl3 ·- ≈ (CH3 )SmCl3 - /SmCl3 ·- < other (CH3 )LnCl3 - /LnCl3 ·- , which complies with the trend of Ln (III)/Ln (II) reduction potentials in general. When Ln = La and hydrocarbyl groups were varied as CH3 CH2 , CH2 CH, HCC, C6 H5 , and C6 H11 , the fragmentation behaviors of these (RCO2 )LaCl3 - precursor ions were diverse. Except for (C6 H11 CO2 )LaCl3 - , the four remaining (RCO2 )LaCl3 - (R = CH3 CH2 , CH2 CH, HCC, and C6 H5 ) ions all underwent decarboxylation to yield RLaCl3 - . (CH2 CH)LaCl3 - and especially (CH3 CH2 )LaCl3 - are prone to undergo β-hydride transfer to form LaHCl3 - , whereas (HCC)LaCl3 - and (C6 H5 )LaCl3 - are not. A minor reduction product, LaCl3 ·- , was formed via C6 H5 radical loss of (C6 H5 )LaCl3 - . The relative intensities of RLaCl3 - compared to (RCO2 )LaCl3 - decrease as follows: HCC > CH2 CH > C6 H5 > CH3 > CH3 CH2 >> C6 H11 (not visible). CONCLUSION A series of Grignard-type organolanthanide (III) ions RLnCl3 - (R = CH3 , Ln = La-Lu except Pm; Ln = La, R = CH3 CH2 , CH2 CH, HCC, and C6 H5 ) were produced from (RCO2 )LnCl3 - via CO2 loss, whereas (C6 H11 )LaCl3 - did not. The experimental and theoretical results suggest that the reduction potentials of Ln (III)/Ln (II) couples as well as the bulkiness and hybridization of hydrocarbyl groups play important roles in promoting or limiting the formation of RLnCl3 - via decarboxylation of (RCO2 )LnCl3 - .
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixian Yang
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixin Xiong
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yangjuan Li
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuting Chen
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Xiong Z, Yang M, Chen X, Gong Y. Dual-Ligand Strategy for the Preparation of Gas-Phase Uranyl(VI) Benzyne Complexes from Uranyl(VI) Benzoates. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2266-2272. [PMID: 36689614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The uranyl(VI) benzyne complex (η2-C6H4)UO2Cl- was prepared in the gas phase by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled with collision-induced dissociation. It was formed via a dual-ligand strategy that requires the elimination of benzoic acid or benzene/CO2 from the uranyl dibenzoate precursor (C6H5CO2)2UO2Cl-. This contrasts the known strategy for the formation of gas-phase benzyne complexes that would result from CO2/HCl elimination from (C6H5CO2)UO2Cl2-, during which only one benzoate ligand is involved. Such dual-ligand strategy can be extended to the preparation of a series of methyl- and halo-substituted benzyne complexes of uranyl(VI). Density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP level reveal that the benzyne complex (η2-C6H4)UO2Cl- features a metallacyclopropene structure with the C6H42- ligand coordinated to uranium(VI) through two polarized U-Cbenzyne σ bonds, in accordance with the reactivity test toward water. Dehydrochlorination of the benzyne complex (η2-C6H4)UO2Cl- from (C6H5)UO2Cl2- that originates from decarboxylation of (C6H5CO2)UO2Cl2- with a single benzoate ligand is neither kinetically nor thermodynamically favorable than simple C6H5 radical loss to give UVO2Cl2-. This arises from the presence of an accessible V oxidation state for uranium and accounts for the necessity for the dual-ligand strategy in the preparation of uranyl(VI) benzyne complexes from uranyl benzoate precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Xiong
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201800, China.,School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Meixian Yang
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201800, China.,School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Xiuting Chen
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201800, China
| | - Yu Gong
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201800, China
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Xiong Z, Yang M, Chen X, Gong Y. Influence of Metal Coordination on the Gas-Phase Chemistry of the Positional Isomers of Fluorobenzoate Complexes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:2181-2190. [PMID: 36251055 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The fragmentation behaviors of the o-, m-, and p-fluorobenzoate complexes of La3+, Ce3+, Fe3+, Cu2+, and UO22+ were investigated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and the corresponding reaction mechanisms were explored by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Fluoride transfer product LaIIIFCl3-/CeIIIFCl3- and decarboxylation product LaIIICl3(C6H4F)-/CeIIICl3(C6H4F)- were observed when the carboxylate precursors LaIIICl3(C6H4FCO2)-/CeIIICl3(C6H4FCO2)- were subjected to collision-induced dissociation. The variation in product ratios, which is not obvious in the meta and para cases, qualitatively follows the increasing overall energy barrier and reaction endothermicity of the two-step CO2/C6H4 elimination mechanism, and this aligns with the increase in U-F distance in the ortho, meta, and para decarboxylation product isomers. In contrast, the mass spectra of FeIIICl3(C6H4FCO2)-/CuIICl2(C6H4FCO2)- are dominated by the reduction product FeCl3-/CuCl2- regardless of the fluorobenzoate isomer. DFT/B3LYP calculations show that the two-step CO2/C6H4F elimination pathways are comparable in energy for all three positional isomers. It is energetically more favorable to give the reduction product than the fluoride transfer product, which is opposite to the lanthanum cases. Although the decarboxylation product was observed for all three UVIO2Cl2(C6H4FCO2)- isomers, the ortho isomer behaves more similarly to LaIIICl3(C6H4FCO2)-/CeIIICl3(C6H4FCO2)- as evidenced by the formation of UVIO2FCl2-, and the appearance of UVO2Cl2- in the cases of the meta and para isomers indicates the similarity with FeIIICl3(C6H4FCO2)-/CuIICl2(C6H4FCO2)-. The shorter U-F distance in UVIO2Cl2(o-C6H4F)- causes the decrease in the fluoride transfer barrier and thus makes this process more favorable over o-C6H4F radical loss to give UVO2Cl2-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Xiong
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meixian Yang
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuting Chen
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Yu Gong
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
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Chen X, Xiong Z, Yang M, Gong Y. Gas-phase synthesis and structure of thorium benzyne complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7018-7021. [PMID: 35638532 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02057b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thorium benzyne complex (η2-C6H4)ThCl3- was synthesized in the gas phase through consecutive decarboxylation and dehydrochlorination from the (C6H5CO2)ThCl4- precursor upon collision-induced dissociation. Theoretical calculations suggest that (η2-C6H4)ThCl3- exhibits a metallacyclopropene structure with two polarized Th-Cbenzyne σ bonds. This procedure can be generally extended to the synthesis of a wide range of gas-phase thorium benzyne complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuting Chen
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China.
| | - Zhixin Xiong
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China. .,School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meixian Yang
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China. .,School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Gong
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China.
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Chen X, Xiong Z, Yang M, Gong Y. Discrimination and quantitation of halobenzoic acid positional isomers upon Th(IV) coordination by mass spectrometry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2658-2661. [PMID: 35137751 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06925j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A fast and reliable mass spectrometry-based method has been developed to discriminate the positional isomers of o-, m- and p-C6H4XCO2H (X = F, Cl and Br). This is based on the distinct fragmentation patterns of isomeric ThCl4(C6H4XCO2)- ions generated by electrospray ionization of the solutions with C6H4XCO2H isomers and ThCl4. Moreover, the composition of these positional isomers can be conveniently quantified without any pre-treatment according to the proportion of gas-phase fragmentation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuting Chen
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Zhixin Xiong
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. .,School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meixian Yang
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China. .,School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Gong
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
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